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Sepsis is a major challenge in medicine. It is a common and frequently fatal infectious condition. The incidence continues to increase, with unacceptably high mortality rates, despite the use of specific antibiotics, aggressive operative intervention, nutritional support, and anti-inflammatory therapies. Typically, septic patients exhibit a high degree of heterogeneity due to variables such as age, weight, gender, the presence of secondary disease, the state of the immune system, and the severity of the infection. We are at urgent need for biomarkers and reliable measurements that can be applied to risk stratification of septic patients and that would easily identify those patients at the highest risk of a poor outcome. Such markers would be of fundamental importance to decision making for early intervention therapy or for the design of septic clinical trials. In the present work, we will review current biomarkers for sepsis severity and especially the use of cytokines as biomarkers with important pathophysiological role. 相似文献
94.
Castro Faria Neto HC Stafforini DM Prescott SM Zimmerman GA 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2005,100(Z1):83-91
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is one of the most potent lipid mediators involved in inflammatory events. The acetyl group at the sn-2 position of its glycerol backbone is essential for its biological activity. Deacetylation induces the formation of the inactive metabolite lyso-PAF. This deacetylation reaction is catalyzed by PAF-acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH), a calcium independent phospholipase A2 that also degrades a family of PAF-like oxidized phospholipids with short sn-2 residues. Biochemical and enzymological evaluations revealed that at least three types of PAF-AH exist in mammals, namely the intracellular types I and II and a plasma type. Many observations indicate that plasma PAF AH terminates signals by PAF and oxidized PAF-like lipids and thereby regulates inflammatory responses. In this review, we will focus on the potential of PAF-AH as a modulator of diseases of dysregulated inflammation. 相似文献
95.
Clavulanic acid (CA), a potent β-lactamase inhibitor, is produced by a filamentous bacterium. Here, the effect of DO and shear,
expressed as impeller tip velocity, on CA production was examined. Cultivations were performed in a 4 L fermentor with speeds
of 600, 800 and 1,000 rpm and a fixed air flow rate (0.5 vvm). Also, cultivation with automatic control of dissolved oxygen,
at 50% air saturation, by varying stirrer speed and using a mixture of air and O2 (10% v/v) in the inlet gas, and a cultivation with fixed stirrer speed of 800 rpm and air flow rate of 0.5 vvm, enriched
with 10% v/v O2, were performed. Significant variations in CA titer, CA production rate and O2 uptake-rate were observed. It was also found that the DO level has no remarkable effect on CA production once a critical
level is surpassed. The most significant improvement in CA production was related to high stirrer speeds. 相似文献
96.
Cavalcanti MT Porto TS de Barros Neto B Lima-Filho JL Porto AL Pessoa A 《Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences》2006,833(2):135-140
Two sequential half-fraction designs were applied to studying the alpha-toxin partition produced by Clostridium perfringens type A in aqueous two phase systems (ATPS), as a function of four factors: PEG molar mass and concentration, phosphate concentration and pH. The highest purification factor, yield and partition coefficient results were obtained with PEG 8000 (15%, w/w), phosphate at 20% (w/w) and pH 8.0. This system allows, in a single step, an alpha-toxin purification of 4.6-fold with final activity yield of 230% and partition coefficient of 113.9 in the PEG rich phase. 相似文献
97.
Carvalho PC Freitas SS Lima AB Barros M Bittencourt I Degrave W Cordovil I Fonseca R Carvalho MG Moura Neto RS Cabello PH 《Genetics and molecular research : GMR》2006,5(4):856-867
Statistical modeling of links between genetic profiles with environmental and clinical data to aid in medical diagnosis is a challenge. Here, we present a computational approach for rapidly selecting important clinical data to assist in medical decisions based on personalized genetic profiles. What could take hours or days of computing is available on-the-fly, making this strategy feasible to implement as a routine without demanding great computing power. The key to rapidly obtaining an optimal/nearly optimal mathematical function that can evaluate the "disease stage" by combining information of genetic profiles with personal clinical data is done by querying a precomputed solution database. The database is previously generated by a new hybrid feature selection method that makes use of support vector machines, recursive feature elimination and random sub-space search. Here, to evaluate the method, data from polymorphisms in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system genes together with clinical data were obtained from patients with hypertension and control subjects. The disease "risk" was determined by classifying the patients' data with a support vector machine model based on the optimized feature; then measuring the Euclidean distance to the hyperplane decision function. Our results showed the association of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system gene haplotypes with hypertension. The association of polymorphism patterns with different ethnic groups was also tracked by the feature selection process. A demonstration of this method is also available online on the project's web site. 相似文献
98.
Dorella FA Fachin MS Billault A Dias Neto E Soravito C Oliveira SC Meyer R Miyoshi A Azevedo V 《Genetics and molecular research : GMR》2006,5(4):653-663
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is a gram-positive bacterium that causes caseous lymphadenitis in sheep and goats. However, despite the economic losses caused by caseous lymphadenitis, there is little information about the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis of this bacterium. Genomic libraries constructed in bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) vectors have become the method of choice for clone development in high-throughput genomic-sequencing projects. Large-insert DNA libraries are useful for isolation and characterization of important genomic regions and genes. In order to identify targets that might be useful for genome sequencing, we constructed a C. pseudotuberculosis BAC library in the vector pBeloBAC11. This library contains about 18,000 BAC clones, with inserts ranging in size from 25 to 120 kb, theoretically representing a 390-fold coverage of the C. pseudotuberculosis genome (estimated to be 2.5-3.1 Mb). Many genomic survey sequences (GSSs) with homology to C. diphtheriae, C. glutamicum, C. efficiens, and C. jeikeium proteins were observed within a sample of 215 sequenced clones, confirming their close phylogenetic relationship. Computer analyses of GSSs did not detect chimeric, deleted, or rearranged BAC clones, showing that this library has low redundancy. This GSSs collection is now available for further genetic and physical analysis of the C. pseudotuberculosis genome. The GSS strategy that we used to develop our library proved to be efficient for the identification of genes and will be an important tool for mapping, assembly, comparative, and functional genomic studies in a C. pseudotuberculosis genome sequencing project that will begin this year. 相似文献
99.
Current theory suggests that mass change in adult birds while breeding may be adaptive (to reduce wing-loading during nestling
feeding) or result from physiological stress. To test which might be more important in determining mass loss in breeding Savi’s
Warblers (Locustella luscinioides), we used a new approach in which the variation in four indices of body condition was described: weight, fat score, muscle
score and lean weight (i.e. excluding fat and muscle). We expected weight variations to be adaptive if they involved changes
in fat and lean weight, whereas physiological stress should influence the muscle score to a greater extent. As in other species,
females showed a greater variation in weight, and carried more fat, than males during the breeding cycle. During incubation,
females had greater weight and fat score than males. The weight remained constant and lean weight declined in both sexes,
whereas females increased in muscle, which probably reflects the regression of the reproductive organs. During the nestling
stage, both sexes declined significantly in all four indices of condition, showing evidence of physiological stress. However,
the greater decline in weight in females than in males is consistent with the flight-adaptation hypothesis, as are the cyclic
changes in lean weight associated with the various nesting attempts. The fact that both sexes declined significantly in weight,
muscle and lean weight with an increasing number of nesting attempts, but not in fat, which was recovered after each nestling
period, also indicates that both reproductive stress and adaptive changes occur during breeding. When the whole breeding season
was considered, females showed a greater decline in muscle than males, which we interpret to be evidence for a greater reproductive
stress in females. We suggest that the small breast muscle size and depleted protein reserves at the end of the breeding period
might influence future survival through impaired flight ability and a compromised post-breeding moult. 相似文献
100.
Rocky littoral communities of the Azores are dominated by macroalgae where turf formations represent the main life form as on many subtropical and tropical shores. The present study aimed at describing and classifying benthic intertidal biotopes of the Azores using clear quantification and data analysis methodologies to be used in similar studies for spatial and/or temporal comparison. This numerical approach intends to have management and conservation applicability. Thirty study locations along the coast of São Miguel island were characterised by substratum type (cobbles, boulders or bedrock – different stability levels) and exposure to wave action (high, medium or low exposure), from June to August 2002. Algae, sessile and sedentary invertebrates were recorded along transects, and the more conspicuous taxa quantified. Community structure is mainly shaped by substratum stability – unstable cobble communities are separate from those of more stable boulders and bedrock. Boulders present an intermediate community composition between cobbles and bedrock. Exposure to wave action induces smaller variation in community composition. Sixteen biotopes have been recognised. Ultimately the present paper provides an objective set of biotope definition tools for a broad public whose interest focuses on spatial and temporal comparison of coastal communities and associated habitats. 相似文献