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41.
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Interactions of divalent cations with single calcium channels from rat brain synaptosomes 总被引:9,自引:2,他引:7
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MT Nelson 《The Journal of general physiology》1986,87(2):201-222
Voltage-dependent calcium channels from a rat brain membrane preparation ("synaptosomes") were incorporated into planar lipid bilayers. The effects of calcium, barium, strontium, manganese, and cadmium ions on the amplitudes and kinetics of single channel currents were examined. The order of single channel conductances was gBa greater than gSr greater than gMn, which was the inverse of the order of the mean channel open times: TMn greater than TCa = TSr greater than TBa. In contrast, the identity of the charge carrier had little or no effect on the mean closed times of the channel. Manganese, in the absence of other permeant ions, can pass through single channels (gMn = 4 pS). However, when added to a solution that contained another type of permeant divalent cation, manganese reduced the single channel current in a voltage-dependent manner. Cadmium, a potent blocker of macroscopic "ensemble" calcium currents in many preparations, reduced the current through an open channel in a manner consistent with Cd ions both not being measurably permeant and interacting with a single site. The permeant ions competed with cadmium for this site with the following order: Mn greater than Sr = Ca greater than Ba. These results are consistent with the existence of no less than one divalent cation binding site in the channel that regulates ion permeation. 相似文献
43.
Pandinus imperator scorpion venom blocks voltage-gated potassium channels in GH3 cells 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
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We examined the effects of Pandinus imperator scorpion venom on voltage-gated potassium channels in cultured clonal rat anterior pituitary cells (GH3 cells) using the gigohm-seal voltage-clamp method in the whole-cell configuration. We found that Pandinus venom blocks the voltage-gated potassium channels of GH3 cells in a voltage-dependent and dose-dependent manner. Crude venom in concentrations of 50-500 micrograms/ml produced 50-70% block of potassium currents measured at -20 mV, compared with 25-60% block measured at +50 mV. The venom both decreased the peak potassium current and shifted the voltage dependence of potassium current activation to more positive potentials. Pandinus venom affected potassium channel kinetics by slowing channel opening, speeding deactivation slightly, and increasing inactivation rates. Potassium currents in cells exposed to Pandinus venom did not recover control amplitudes or kinetics even after 20-40 min of washing with venom-free solution. The concentration dependence of crude venom block indicates that the toxins it contains are effective in the nanomolar range of concentrations. The effects of Pandinus venom were mimicked by zinc at concentrations less than or equal to 0.2 mM. Block of potassium current by zinc was voltage dependent and resembled Pandinus venom block, except that block by zinc was rapidly reversible. Since zinc is found in crude Pandinus venom, it could be important in the interaction of the venom with the potassium channel. We conclude that Pandinus venom contains toxins that bind tightly to voltage-dependent potassium channels in GH3 cells. Because of its high affinity for voltage-gated potassium channels and its irreversibility, Pandinus venom may be useful in the isolation, mapping, and characterization of voltage-gated potassium channels. 相似文献
44.
D. Mercanti A. Angelini MT. Ciotti ML. Eboli C. Galli L. Battistini D. Merlo P. Calissano 《Cytotechnology》1993,11(Z1):S117-S119
The neurite outgrowth and adhesion complex (NOAC), isolated from rabbit sera has been dissociated in its major components by reverse-phase chromatography in HPLC by using a C18 column. SDS-PAGE analisys of the active fractions revealed the presence of three major bands of approximately 100, 70 and 50 kDa. Studies on the biological activity of NOAC were carried out on rat cerebellar granule cells. NOAC-cultured cells exhibit a marked resistance to excitotoxic stimuli carried by glutamate. 相似文献
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Molecular evolution of chloroplast DNA sequences 总被引:13,自引:1,他引:12
Comparative data on the evolution of chloroplast genes are reviewed. The
chloroplast genome has maintained a similar structural organization over
most plant taxa so far examined. Comparisons of nucleotide sequence
divergence among chloroplast genes reveals marked similarity across the
plant kingdom and beyond to the cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). Estimates
of rates of nucleotide substitution indicate a synonymous rate of 1.1 x
10(-9) substitutions per site per year. Noncoding regions also appear to be
constrained in their evolution, although addition/deletion events are
common. There have also been evolutionary changes in the distribution of
introns in chloroplast encoded genes. Relative to mammalian mitochondrial
DNA, the chloroplast genome evolves at a conservative rate.
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47.
High nucleotide sequence variation in a region of low recombination in Drosophila simulans is consistent with the background selection model 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
We surveyed nucleotide sequence variation at glucose dehydrogenase (Gld),
in a region of low recombination on chromosome 3R, from a population sample
of Drosophila simulans. The levels of nucleotide variation were
surprisingly high. There was no departure from the expectation of a neutral
model for the level of polymorphism, indicating no evidence of a selective
sweep in this region. There was a significant deficiency of singleton
polymorphisms according to the Fu and Li test, although Tajima and Hudson,
Kreitman, and Aguade (HKA) tests do not provide evidence of a significant
elevation of variation due to balancing selection. Genetic map data for the
D. simulans third chromosome were used to calculate expected values of pi
for Gld under a current model of background selection, varying the values
for the parameter sh (selection coefficient against deleterious mutations).
We show that the recombinational landscape of D. simulans is sufficiently
different from that of D. melanogaster that we expect higher variation
under the background selection model, even when effective population sizes
are assumed to be equal. The data for Gld were tested against the
predictions using computer simulations of the distribution of the number of
segregating sites conditioned on pi. Background selection alone can explain
our observations as long as sh is larger than 0.005 and species-level
effective population size is assumed to be several- fold larger than in D.
melanogaster. Alternatively, the deleterious mutation rate may be smaller
in D. simulans, or balancing selection may be acting nearby, thereby
reducing the effect of background selection.
相似文献
48.
Comparative evolutionary analysis of rDNA ITS regions in Drosophila 总被引:17,自引:2,他引:15
Schlotterer C; Hauser MT; von Haeseler A; Tautz D 《Molecular biology and evolution》1994,11(3):513-522
The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the ribosomal DNA is generally
considered to be under low functional constraint, and it is therefore often
treated as a typical nonfunctional spacer sequence. We have analyzed the
ITS regions of five species from the Drosophila melanogaster subgroup, two
Drosophila species from outside this group (D. pseudoobscura and D.
virilis), as well as from the more distantly related dipteran fly Musca
domestica. The sequence comparisons show a distinctive
conservation/divergence pattern, indicating that some regions are more
conserved than others. Moreover, secondary-structure calculations indicate
several conserved structural elements within the ITS regions. On the other
hand, a statistical test that allows us to estimate the fraction of sites
that are not under selective constraint suggests that more than half of the
spacer is apparently free to diverge and evolves with a rate that is close
to the neutral rate of sequence evolution in Drosophila. The ITS sequences
can be used to derive a molecular phylogeny for the species under study. We
find that the ITS tree is largely in line with the so-far-known phylogeny
of this group of species, with one difference. The species most distant
within the D. melanogaster subgroup is D. yakuba, rather than D. orena, as
is normally assumed.
相似文献
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Norimah AK H. C. Koo Hamid Jan JM Mohd Nasir MT S. Y. Tan Mahendran Appukutty Nurliyana AR Frank Thielecke Sinead Hopkins M. K. Ong C. Ning E. S. Tee 《PloS one》2015,10(10)