Oxazine Dyes. Iv. Simultaneous Nuclear and Double-Contrast Cytoplasmic Staining from A Single Solution

A dye mixture, consisting of a celestine blue B dispersion (prepared according to Gray et al. 1956), orange G, and acid fuchsin in one solution, simultaneously stains nuclear elements and gives double contrast staining of cytoplasmic elements. Orange G, 0.16 gm, and acid fuchsin, 0.04 gm, dissolved in 100 ml of celestine blue B dispersion and adjusted to pH 0.8 gives, when applied for 1.5 min, results comparable or superior to other “triple contrast” stains on a wide variety of tissues. No differentiation other than that which occurs during dehydration is necessary.     

ROENTGEN THERAPY OF RHEUMATOID SPONDYLITIS

Based on the pathological processes involved in rheumatoid spondylitis, comparison is made between the physical qualities of certain techniques of roentgen therapy. Graphic representation of the isodose curves and the homogeneous distribution of radiation pertaining to the method herein advocated is shown.Results obtained in the treatment of 125 cases illustrative of the evolution of technique experienced at the University of California Hospital are tabulated. The indications, contraindications, and complications of the method are discussed.Practically every patient with rheumatoid spondylitis, regardless of the stage of the disease, was benefited, with the best results having been obtained when the radiation was given in three courses, separated by rest periods, and homogeneously distributed along the spine.     

HOMEOSTATIC ADJUSTMENTS AFTER EXERCISE : I. ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM OF THE BLOOD

The rate at which displacement and recovery of the acid-base equilibrium of the blood occur in young adult males subjected to short periods of maximal exertion has been determined. Displacement of acid-base equilibrium produced by severe exercise is along the fixed acid path, similar to the path of displacement produced by ingestion of acidifying agents such as ammonium chloride. Maximum displacement of the acid-base equilibrium is not reached until 7 to 10 minutes after the cessation of exercise. By this time over 50 per cent of the displacement in oxygen consumption, respiratory volume, and blood pressure have disappeared. A much greater metabolic acidosis was produced by exercise than could be induced by the oral administration of ammonium chloride. Recovery from the metabolic acidosis produced by exercise was much more rapid (10 times) than was recovery from the acidosis produced by ammonium chloride. After exercise the pH, returned to normal values more rapidly than did the bicarbonate content of the serum.     

A PHYSICAL THEORY OF ACID ANION DISPLACEMENT AND RECOVERY FOLLOWING EXERCISE

A simple theoretical model has been presented whose behavior duplicates the variation in bicarbonate ion concentration in the blood following exercise. Methods for the evaluation of the constants of rational equations to describe the concentration in muscle cells, in blood plasma, and in removal cells, of the anions produced in exercise have been devised. These methods have been applied to experimental data from 23 experiments, and a close agreement between the observed and theoretically predicted values for blood plasma has been found. From the mathematical analysis of the data values for permeability of acid anions produced in exercise have been estimated as 75 x 10^–5 and 5.9 x 10^–5 cm. per sec. between muscle cell and blood (extracellular fluid) and between blood plasma and removal cells respectively.     

Comparison of RAPD and RFLP genetic markers in determining genetic similarity among Brassica oleracea L. genotypes

Genetic similarity among 45 Brassica Oleracea genotypes was compared using two molecular markers, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). The genotypes included 37 broccolis (var. italica), five cauliflowers (var. botrytis) and three cabbages (var. capitata) which represented a wide range of commercially-available germplasm, and included open-pollinated cultivars, commercial hybrids, and inbred parents of hybrid cultivars. Fifty-six polymorphic RFLP bands and 181 polymorphic RAPD bands were generated using 15 random cDNA probes and 62 10-mer primers, respectively. The objectives were to compare RFLP and RAPD markers with regard to their (1) sampling variance, (2) rank correlations of genetic distance among sub-samples, and (3) inheritance. A bootstrap procedure was used to generate 200 random samples of size n (n=2,3,5,... 55) independently from the RAPD and RFLP data sets. The coefficient of variance (CV) was estimated for each sample. Pooled regressions of the coefficient of variance on bootstrap sample size indicated that the rate of decrease in CV with increasing sample size was the same for RFLPs and RAPDs. The rank correlation between the Nei-Li genetic similarity values for all pairs of genotypes (990) based on RFLP and RAPD data was 0.745. Differences were observed between the RFLP and RAPD dendrograms of the 45 genotypes. Overlap in the distributions of rank correlations between independent sub-samples from the RAPD data set, compared to correlations between RFLP and RAPD sub-samples, suggest that observed differences in estimation of genetic similarity between RAPDs and RFLPs is largely due to sampling error rather than due to DNA-based differences in how RAPDs and RFLPs reveal polymorphisms. A crossing algorithm was used to generate hypothetical banding patterns of hybrids based on the genotypes of the parents. The results of this study indicate that RAPDs provide a level of resolution equivalent to RFLPs for detemination of the genetic relationships among genotypes.