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21.
Jorge E. Ramos Gretta T. Pecl Natalie A. Moltschaniwskyj Jan M. Strugnell Rafael I. León Jayson M. Semmens 《PloS one》2014,9(8)
Understanding the response of any species to climate change can be challenging. However, in short-lived species the faster turnover of generations may facilitate the examination of responses associated with longer-term environmental change. Octopus tetricus, a commercially important species, has undergone a recent polewards range shift in the coastal waters of south-eastern Australia, thought to be associated with the southerly extension of the warm East Australian Current. At the cooler temperatures of a polewards distribution limit, growth of a species could be slower, potentially leading to a bigger body size and resulting in a slower population turnover, affecting population viability at the extreme of the distribution. Growth rates, body size, and life span of O. tetricus were examined at the leading edge of a polewards range shift in Tasmanian waters (40°S and 147°E) throughout 2011. Octopus tetricus had a relatively small body size and short lifespan of approximately 11 months that, despite cooler temperatures, would allow a high rate of population turnover and may facilitate the population increase necessary for successful establishment in the new extended area of the range. Temperature, food availability and gender appear to influence growth rate. Individuals that hatched during cooler and more productive conditions, but grew during warming conditions, exhibited faster growth rates and reached smaller body sizes than individuals that hatched into warmer waters but grew during cooling conditions. This study suggests that fast growth, small body size and associated rapid population turnover may facilitate the range shift of O. tetricus into Tasmanian waters. 相似文献
22.
Global species delimitation and phylogeography of the circumtropical ‘sexy shrimp’ Thor amboinensis reveals a cryptic species complex and secondary contact in the Indo‐West Pacific
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23.
Ernesto Rodríguez Verónica Noya Laura Cervi María Laura Chiribao Natalie Brossard Carolina Chiale Carlos Carmona Cecilia Giacomini Teresa Freire 《PLoS neglected tropical diseases》2015,9(12)
Helminths express various carbohydrate-containing glycoconjugates on their surface, and they release glycan-rich excretion/secretion products that can be very important in their life cycles, infection and pathology. Recent evidence suggests that parasite glycoconjugates could play a role in the evasion of the immune response, leading to a modified Th2-polarized immune response that favors parasite survival in the host. Nevertheless, there is limited information about the nature or function of glycans produced by the trematode Fasciola hepatica, the causative agent of fasciolosis. In this paper, we investigate whether glycosylated molecules from F. hepatica participate in the modulation of host immunity. We also focus on dendritic cells, since they are an important target of immune-modulation by helminths, affecting their activity or function. Our results indicate that glycans from F. hepatica promote the production of IL-4 and IL-10, suppressing IFNγ production. During infection, this parasite is able to induce a semi-mature phenotype of DCs expressing low levels of MHCII and secrete IL-10. Furthermore, we show that parasite glycoconjugates mediate the modulation of LPS-induced maturation of DCs since their oxidation restores the capacity of LPS-treated DCs to secrete high levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-12/23p40 and low levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Inhibition assays using carbohydrates suggest that the immune-modulation is mediated, at least in part, by the recognition of a mannose specific-CLR that signals by recruiting the phosphatase Php2. The results presented here contribute to the understanding of the role of parasite glycosylated molecules in the modulation of the host immunity and might be useful in the design of vaccines against fasciolosis. 相似文献
24.
Donald W. Roy 《BMJ (Clinical research ed.)》1924,1(3298):496-497
25.
26.
27.
Summary
Bacillus thuringiensis var.kurstaki (HD-1)_was grown as a continuous phased culture in a cyclone fermentor. During the time course of the continuous phased cultivation (CPC), the culture was sampled to determine the efficiency of sporulation and parasporal crystal formation. Concurrently, plasmid DNA was extracted and resolved on agarose gels. The plasmid profile remained constant throughout 328 h of cultivation. However, during the same time period, asporogenous, acrystalliferous variants increased from<1% to>90% of the cells harvested. Our data suggests that the disappearance of parasporal crystals inB. thuringiensis var.kurstaki (HD-1) during CPC occurs independent of plasmid copy but may be due to defective sporulation. 相似文献
28.
Roy E. Weber Frank B. Jensen Raymond P. Cox 《Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology》1987,157(2):145-152
Summary The allosteric effects of the erythrocytic nucleoside triphosphates (NTP) and of proton concentrations were investigated by precise measurement of Hb–O2 equilibria of tench hemoglobin (including extreme, high and low saturation ranges) and analysed in terms of the MWC two state model and the Adair four step oxygenation theory.At low concentrations (NTP/Hb ratio=1.0, and pH>7.3) ATP, GTP and protons decrease Hb–O2 affinity by increasing the allosteric constantL and reducingK
T, the association constant1 of the deoxy, tense state of the Hb, without significantly affecting that (K
R) of the oxy state, increasing the free energy of cooperativity (G). High concentrations of these effectors, however, also reduceK
R. The greater sensitivity of the half-saturation O2 tension (P
50) of the Hb to GTP than to ATP at the same concentration, correlates with greater effects of GTP on bothK
T andK
R. The pH and NTP dependence of the four Adair association constants and the calculated fractional populations of Hb molecules in different stages of oxygenation show that the autochthonous NTP effectors and protons stabilize the T structure and postpone the TR transition basic to cooperativity in fish Hb.The possible implications of the findings for aquatic respiration are discussed.Abbreviations
ATP
adenosine triphosphate
-
DPG
2,3-diphosphoglycerate (glycerate-2,3-bisphosphate)
-
GTP
guanosine triphosphate
-
IHP
inositol hexaphosphate
-
NTP
nucleoside triphosphates
In this paperK
T andK
R are defined as theassociation equilibrium constants instead of dissociation constants (as originally defined by Monod et al. 1965) to facilitate comparison with the Adair constants 相似文献
29.
Thermodynamic analysis of precisely measured oxygen equilibria of tench (Tinca tinca) hemoglobin and their dependence on ATP and protons 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Frank B. Jensen Roy E. Weber 《Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology》1987,157(2):137-143
Summary Precise oxygen equilibria including extreme, high and low saturation values were determined for hemoglobin (Hb) from the freshwater teleostTinca tinca at three temperatures, each at two pH levels and in the presence and absence of the erythrocytic cofactor ATP, at twofold molar excess over Hb.Analysis of the data in terms of Adair's successive oxygenation theory shows that in the absence of ATP, each of the four oxygenation steps are exothermic, but that net heat release decreases as pH falls from 8.2 to 7.4. ATP greatly depresses the temperature sensitivity of oxygenation particularly at physiological erythrocytic pH, where endothermic cofactor dissociation finds expression in a reverse temperature sensitivity for binding of the 3rd oxygen molecule to the tetrameric Hb.Enthalpy (H
i) and entropy (S
i) changes of oxygenation vary with oxygenation step, i, as well as with pH and ATP addition, but the variations of H
i are similar to those of S
i reflecting enthalpy-entropy compensation.The data show that the cooperative effects in tench Hb can be dominated either by entropic or enthalpic contributions, depending on the experimental condition and the oxygenation step. 相似文献
30.
A K Roy B Chatterjee K V Rao C V Murty F H Sarkar D Majumdar 《Journal of steroid biochemistry》1987,27(4-6):1129-1134
Androgen-dependent synthesis of alpha 2u globulin in the rat liver has been used in our laboratory as a model for studying the effect of sex hormones on hepatic gene expression. alpha 2u Globulin is a group of low molecular weight (Mr approximately 18,000) male specific urinary proteins synthesized and secreted by hepatocytes. In the male rat hepatic synthesis of alpha 2u globulin begins at puberty (approximately 40 days), reaches a peak level (approximately 20 mg/day) at about 75 days and declines during old age. Androgens can induce alpha 2u globulin in ovariectomized female rats in vivo and in the liver perfusion system in vitro. However, both prepubertal and senescent (greater than 800 days) male rats not only do not produce alpha 2u globulin but are also refractory to androgen administration. alpha 2u Globulin is coded by a multigene family comprising about 20-30 gene copies per haploid genome. All of these gene copies seem to express translationally active mRNAs giving rise to individual isoforms of alpha 2u globulin. Appearance and disappearance of the cytoplasmic androgen-binding protein (CAB) correlates with the androgen responsiveness of hepatocytes. Photoaffinity labeling of the hepatic cytosol shows that the biologically active binding protein, found in the cytosol of the mature male rat liver, has a molecular weight of 31 kDa. A molecular transition of the 31-kDa CAB to a biologically inactive 29-kDa form may be the basis of hepatic androgen insensitivity during prepuberty and senescence. 相似文献