DECISION TOOLS FOR MULBERRY THRIPS PSEUDODENDROTHRIPS MORI (NIWA, 1908) MANAGEMENT IN SERICULTURAL REGIONS; AN OVERVIEW

Abstract Mulberry thrips Pseudodendrothrips mori (Niwa, 1908) is a major pest of mulberry trees recorded from different sericultural regions of the world. The thrips infestation affects the qualitative and quantitative characters of mulberry leaf, by direct feeding damage to leaves and the ingestion of sap, which in turn affects the silkworm cocoon crop. This is most harmful in dry climates and seasons when heavily attacked plants lose moisture heavily. Under these conditions infestation can seriously deplete yields. The seasonal population fluctuation and the degree of damage caused to the host plant are influenced by various environmental factors including climate, host-plant variety, topography, soil type, and management regimes. This article attempts to review all available documents on mulberry thrips and to discuss the practical approaches for best control of this pest.     

Cell cycle and cell size dependence of susceptibility to hydrodynamic forces

Exposure of animal cells to intense hydrodynamic forces exerted in turbulent capillary flow, and by controiled agitation and aeration, resulted in preferential destruction of S and G(2) cells and the extent of destruction of these cells was dependent upon the intensity of the action. The loss of these cells was possibly due to their larger size. However, the appearance of large numbers of membrane-bound vesicular structures similar to apoptotic bodies as well as cells with low DNA stainability (in a sub-G(1) peak) suggested that the action of adverse hydrodynamic forces on these large cells may at least in part be to induce an apoptotic response. (c) 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Partial purification and some properties of urease from the alkaliphilic cyanobacteriumNostoc calcicola

Urease extracted from an alkaliphilic diazotrophic cyanobacteriumNostoc calcicola was partially purified and some of its properties were studied. Urease purified 39-fold from the crude enzyme extract showed its optimum activity at pH 7.5 and at 40°C with aK _m value of 120 μmol/L. The enzyme was found to be sensitive to metal cations, particularly Hg²⁺, Ag⁺ and Cu²⁺. 4-Hydroxymercuribenzoate (a mercapto-group inhibitor) and acetohydroxamic acid (a chelating agent of nickel) inhibited, the enzyme activity completely. These results suggest the involvement of an SH-group and Ni²⁺ in the activity of urease fromN. calcicola.     

Pulse wave velocities in the aorta

This paper is an analytical study on the pulse wave velocities in the aorta. In conformity to a physiologic state of loading, the distensibility of the vessel wall has been accounted for. The wall material is treated by using the theory of large elastic deformations. The orthotropicity of wall tissues and the effect of the surrounding tissues have been incorporated in the analysis which is based on the use of the strain energy function suggested by Vaishnavet al. Numerical values of the wave velocities of the canine middle descending thoracic aorta are computed by using the derived analytical expressions.     

Physical characteristics of bone composite materials

To study the effects of varying mineral content and various trace elements in bone composities on its electrical behavior and possible use in design of transducers, various physical, dielectric, piezoelectric, and electromechanical parameters have been measured. For electrical characterization of various such composites in the high-frequency region (1–108 MHz), variation of impedance (Z), phase angle (tan ), and relative output voltage with frequency has been examined. Furtherfore, the Curie temperature has been determined and the temperature variation of capacitance and loss factor (tan ) studied (24–225°C). Two types of bone composites were prepared and studied. First, powdered collagen and apatite obtained from full bone were mixed intimately in various proportions by weight to prepare eleven bone compositions. Second, such bone materials were made to contain 5–10% various doping foreign additives (A1Br₃, Na₂CO₃, SrCO₃, LiCO₃, Sb₂O₃, ZnO, Nb₂O₅, piezoelectric ceramic (PZT), and Pb(NO₃)₂. It has been observed that a bone composition of 50% collagen + 50% apatite has possible piezoelectric application and other compositions [85% collagen + 15% apatite, 90% collagen + 10% ZnO, and 90% bone + 10% Ba(OH)₂] have a sharp rise in capacitance near the Curie temperature. The Curie temperature is generally shifted towards higher values by additives. It is expected that such results will be relevant in characterizing bone behavior.     

Renal function during vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) infusions in normal man and patients with liver disease

VIP containing nerves are present in the kidney and plasma VIP levels are elevated in cardiac failure and severe liver disease. We studied the effects of intravenous VIP; 6 pmol kg-1 min-1 on 6 normal subjects and 3 patients with liver disease. In normal subjects VIP produced flushing and significant rises in heart rate and pulse pressure but the clearance rates of paraaminohippurate and creatinine did not change significantly. Urine flow fell to about 1/3 and the rate of excretion of electrolytes (except phosphate) fell to about a half of control values. Plasma renin activity rose about 3-fold and there were significant rises in haematocrit and the plasma concentrations of solids, calcium and phosphate. The patients with liver disease responded similarly. Elevated plasma VIP could contribute to salt and water retention in disease states.     

Utilisation of wild relatives in the genetic improvement of Arachis hypogaea L.

Summary Cross-compatibility of species in section Arachis Krap. et Greg. nom. nud., and chromosome pairing and pollen fertility in their interspecific F₁ hybrids were studied to further understand the phylogenetic relationships among these species. Except those with A. batizocoi Krap. et Greg. nom. nud., hybrids between diploid species have near normal bivalent frequency (9.1–9.8) and moderate to high pollen fertility (60–91%). Hybrids between A. batizocoi and other species have low bivalent frequency (5.2–6.9) and very low pollen fertility (3–7%). These results confirm the earlier separation of these species into two groups based on karyomorphology and Mahalanobis D² calculated on arm ratios. These studies also provide a picture of relative affinities between A. batizocoi, the lone member of one cluster, and the other species, and among the rest of the species. They also indicate that the basic chromosome complement in the two groups of species is the same. Chromosome pairing in triploid hybrids, (A. hypogaea L. X diploid wild species), suggests that A. batizocoi is the closest diploid relative of A. hypogaea. It is closer to A. hypogaea subspecies fastigiata Waldron than to A. hypogaea subspecies hypogaea Krap. et. Rig. Other diploid species of the section Arachis are equidistant from A. hypogaea, and have the same genome which has strong homology to one of the genomes of A. hypogaea. Based on the present results, the two tetraploid species, A. monticola Krap. et Rig. and A. hypogaea can be recognised as two forms of the same species. Breeding implications have been discussed in the light of chromosome behaviour observed in hybrids of A. hypogaea X diploid species, and on the presumptions that A. hypogaea has an AABB genomic constitution, and that among the diploid species, the B genome is present in A. batizocoi while the A genome is common to the other diploid species of section Arachis.Submitted as Journal Article No. 328 by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)