全文获取类型
收费全文 | 18867篇 |
免费 | 976篇 |
国内免费 | 21篇 |
专业分类
19864篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 124篇 |
2022年 | 305篇 |
2021年 | 481篇 |
2020年 | 286篇 |
2019年 | 298篇 |
2018年 | 468篇 |
2017年 | 476篇 |
2016年 | 578篇 |
2015年 | 782篇 |
2014年 | 858篇 |
2013年 | 1236篇 |
2012年 | 1343篇 |
2011年 | 1249篇 |
2010年 | 731篇 |
2009年 | 683篇 |
2008年 | 795篇 |
2007年 | 809篇 |
2006年 | 699篇 |
2005年 | 606篇 |
2004年 | 569篇 |
2003年 | 469篇 |
2002年 | 433篇 |
2001年 | 386篇 |
2000年 | 369篇 |
1999年 | 287篇 |
1998年 | 159篇 |
1997年 | 138篇 |
1996年 | 111篇 |
1995年 | 135篇 |
1994年 | 116篇 |
1993年 | 107篇 |
1992年 | 258篇 |
1991年 | 260篇 |
1990年 | 228篇 |
1989年 | 211篇 |
1988年 | 196篇 |
1987年 | 195篇 |
1986年 | 178篇 |
1985年 | 202篇 |
1984年 | 196篇 |
1983年 | 131篇 |
1982年 | 134篇 |
1981年 | 119篇 |
1980年 | 106篇 |
1979年 | 171篇 |
1978年 | 127篇 |
1977年 | 110篇 |
1974年 | 137篇 |
1973年 | 103篇 |
1972年 | 106篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
161.
162.
Anvesha Srivastava Helle Goldberger Alexander Dimtchev Malathi Ramalinga Juliet Chijioke Catalin Marian Eric K. Oermann Sunghae Uhm Joy S. Kim Leonard N. Chen Xin Li Deborah L. Berry Bhaskar V. S. Kallakury Subhash C. Chauhan Sean P. Collins Simeng Suy Deepak Kumar 《PloS one》2013,8(10)
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common type of cancer in men in the United States, which disproportionately affects African American descents. While metastasis is the most common cause of death among PCa patients, no specific markers have been assigned to severity and ethnic biasness of the disease. MicroRNAs represent a promising new class of biomarkers owing to their inherent stability and resilience. In the present study, we investigated potential miRNAs that can be used as biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets and can provide insight into the severity and ethnic biasness of PCa. PCR array was performed in FFPE PCa tissues (5 Caucasian American and 5 African American) and selected differentially expressed miRNAs were validated by qRT-PCR, in 40 (15 CA and 25 AA) paired PCa and adjacent normal tissues. Significantly deregulated miRNAs were also analyzed in urine samples to explore their potential as non-invasive biomarker for PCa. Out of 8 miRNAs selected for validation from PCR array data, miR-205 (p<0.0001), mir-214 (p<0.0001), miR-221(p<0.001) and miR-99b (p<0.0001) were significantly downregulated in PCa tissues. ROC curve shows that all four miRNAs successfully discriminated between PCa and adjacent normal tissues. MiR-99b showed significant down regulation (p<0.01) in AA PCa tissues as compared to CA PCa tissues and might be related to the aggressiveness associated with AA population. In urine, miR-205 (p<0.05) and miR-214 (p<0.05) were significantly downregulated in PCa patients and can discriminate PCa patients from healthy individuals with 89% sensitivity and 80% specificity. In conclusion, present study showed that miR-205 and miR-214 are downregulated in PCa and may serve as potential non-invasive molecular biomarker for PCa. 相似文献
163.
MOTIVATION: Comparative analysis of metabolic pathways in different genomes can give insights into the understanding of evolutionary and organizational relationships among species. This type of analysis allows one to measure the evolution of complete processes (with different functional roles) rather than the individual elements of a conventional analysis. We present a new technique for the phylogenetic analysis of metabolic pathways based on the topology of the underlying graphs. A distance measure between graphs is defined using the similarity between nodes of the graphs and the structural relationship between them. This distance measure is applied to the enzyme-enzyme relational graphs derived from metabolic pathways. Using this approach, pathways and group of pathways of different organisms are compared to each other and the resulting distance matrix is used to obtain a phylogenetic tree. RESULTS: We apply the method to the Citric Acid Cycle and the Glycolysis pathways of different groups of organisms, as well as to the Carbohydrate metabolic networks. Phylogenetic trees obtained from the experiments were close to existing phylogenies and revealed interesting relationships among organisms. 相似文献
164.
Tomkowicz B Singh SP Lai D Singh A Mahalingham S Joseph J Srivastava S Srinivasan A 《DNA and cell biology》2005,24(1):10-20
Human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) is causally linked to Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). Sequence analysis of the genome and subsequent studies revealed several genes including kaposin, with transformation properties in cell culture. In this study, we have analyzed the requirement of Kaposin A for cellular transformation in an effort to understand its contribution towards KS pathogenesis. Comparative analysis of Kaposin with other proteins identified the LXXLL motif spanning from residues 31-35 (LVCLL). The observation that the LXXLL motif is present in nuclear receptor coactivators that mediate the interaction of coactivators with nuclear receptors has prompted us to investigate the relevance of this motif for Kaposin's function(s). Kaposin A coding sequences were cloned into a eukaryotic expression plasmid with the Flag (FL) epitope fused in-frame at the C-terminus (Kap-FL). To evaluate the role of leucine residues in the motif, site-directed mutagenesis was utilized, whereby alanine was substituted for the leucine residues (Kap-AXXAA-FL). Both Kap-FL and Kap- AXXAA-FL exhibited similar levels of expression in cells. Interestingly, the Kap-AXXAA-FL mutant failed to show transforming activity by two independent assays: anchorage-independent growth, and focus formation. Immunofluorescence (IFA) and FACS analysis indicated that Kap-FL was localized around the nucleus and at the cell surface, respectively. However, Kap-AXXAA-FL exhibited diffuse cytoplasmic staining as measured by IFA yet was still detectable on the cell surface by FACS. Ironically, both Kap-FL and Kap-AXXAAFL were able to activate the AP-1 promoter. These results support an important role for the LXXLL motif in the ability of Kaposin to induce transformation. 相似文献
165.
Inderjeet Kaur Gurvinder Singh Kocher V. K. Gupta 《Indian journal of microbiology》2012,52(4):630-637
Bacillus circulans MTCC 7906, an extracellular alkaline protease producer was genetically characterized. B. circulans genomic DNA was isolated, oligonucleotide primers specific to alkaline protease gene of B. circulans were designed and its PCR amplification was done. The purified PCR product and pTrcHisA vector were subjected to restriction digestion with NcoI and HindIII and transformed into Escherichia coli DH5-α competent cells. The recombinant expression of alkaline protease gene studied by inducible expression and analysis by SDS-PAGE, established that the alkaline protease protein had an estimated molecular size of 46 kDa. Gene sequencing of the insert from selected recombinant clone showed it to be a 1329 bp gene encoding a protein of 442 amino acids. The sequence was blasted and aligned with known alkaline protease genes for comparison with their nucleotide and amino acid sequences. This identified major matches with three closely related subsp. of B. subtilis (B. subtilis subsp. subtilis strain 168, B. subtilis BSn5 and B. subtilis subsp. spizizenii strain W23). The insert also showed a number of substitutions (mutations) with other sp. of Bacillus which established that alkaline protease of B. circulans MTCC 7906 is a novel gene. The phylogenetic analysis of alkaline protease gene and its predicted amino acid sequences also validated that alkaline protease gene is a novel gene and the same has been accessioned in GenBank with accession number . JN645176.1相似文献
166.
167.
The effect of population size, redox potential, exogenous ATP and complexing agents on Cu uptake by free and immobilized cyanobacteriumNostoc calcicola
Bréb. has been studied. Cu uptake was regulated by the population size. In such comparisons, the immobilized cells had a greater
longevity. Low pH conditions enhanced Cu uptake. Exogenous ATP (10 μmol/L) supplied to dark-grown free and immobilized cells
did not support Cu uptake to the extent of light-grown cells. Experiments involving natural as well as synthetic complexing
agents clearly established the superiority of soil extract and spent medium over EDTA (10 μmol/L), in sequestering Cu in free
as well as immobilized cells. 相似文献
168.
Seema Singh Susanna A. Braus-Stromeyer Christian Timpner Van Tuan Tran Gertrud Lohaus Michael Reusche Jessica Knüfer Thomas Teichmann Andreas von Tiedemann Gerhard H. Braus 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2010,85(6):1961-1976
The first leaky auxotrophic mutant for aromatic amino acids of the near-diploid fungal plant pathogen Verticillium longisporum (VL) has been generated. VL enters its host Brassica napus through the roots and colonizes the xylem vessels. The xylem contains little nutrients including low concentrations of amino
acids. We isolated the gene Vlaro2 encoding chorismate synthase by complementation of the corresponding yeast mutant strain. Chorismate synthase produces the
first branch point intermediate of aromatic amino acid biosynthesis. A novel RNA-mediated gene silencing method reduced gene
expression of both isogenes by 80% and resulted in a bradytrophic mutant, which is a leaky auxotroph due to impaired expression
of chorismate synthase. In contrast to the wild type, silencing resulted in increased expression of the cross-pathway regulatory
gene VlcpcA (similar to cpcA/GCN4) during saprotrophic life. The mutant fungus is still able to infect the host plant B. napus and the model Arabidopsis thaliana with reduced efficiency. VlcpcA expression is increased in planta in the mutant and the wild-type fungus. We assume that xylem colonization requires induction
of the cross-pathway control, presumably because the fungus has to overcome imbalanced amino acid supply in the xylem. 相似文献
169.
Jyotirmay Mathur Narendra Kumar Bansal 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》1999,4(2):113-116
This analysis can be called energy accounting of solar water heating systems. Five types of solar water heating systems have
been considered. With the help of material balance, energy content has been found in these systems. Yearly output of systems
has been found by conducting transient simulations using hourly data of radiation and ambient temperature. Such analysis has
been done separately for one representative city of each of six climatic zones of India. The energy payback for India ranges
from 0.73 to 4.16 years for the thirty cases considered here. 相似文献
170.