Toxicoproteomic analysis of a mouse model of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastric ulcers

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are valuable agents; however, their use has been limited by their association with mucosal damage in the upper gastrointestinal tract. NSAIDs inhibit cyclooxygenase and consequently block the synthesis of prostaglandins, which have cytoprotective effects in gastric mucosa; these effects on prostaglandins have been thought to be major cause of NSAID-induced ulceration. However, studies indicate that additional NSAID-related mechanisms are involved in formation of gastric lesions. Here, we used a toxicoproteomic approach to understand cellular processes that are affected by NSAIDs in mouse stomach tissue during ulcer formation. We used fluorogenic derivatization-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (FD-LC-MS/MS)-which consists of fluorogenic derivatization, separation and fluorescence detection by LC, and identification by LC-tandem mass spectrometry-in this proteomic analysis of pyrolic stomach from control and diclofenac (Dic)-treated mice. FD-LC-MS/MS results were highly sensitive; 10 differentially expressed proteins were identified, and all 10 were more highly expressed in Dic-treated mice than in control mice. Specifically, expression levels of 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78), heat shock protein beta-1 (HSP27), and gastrin were more than 3-fold higher in Dic-treated mice than in control mice. This study represents a first step to ascertain the precise actors of early NSAID-induced ulceration.     

Symmetry distortion in the human hemoglobin tetramer induced by asymmetric ligation

To investigate the conformational changes in human tetrameric (αβ)(2) hemoglobin upon binding of the first two ligands, we have measured the kinetics of reactions between 4,4'-dithiodipyridine and β93Cys sulfhydryl groups of four diliganded hemoglobins by using CO-bound Fe(II)-Ni(II) hybrids with and without β-β cross-linking. The data show that all the diliganded intermediates have high sulfhydryl reactivities, which are greater than or equal to that for the fully-liganded end state, especially when containing liganded α subunit(s). The results also reveal that both the asymmetrically (α1β1 and α1β2) diliganded species show similar high rates of sulfhydryl reactivity and biphasic kinetics, suggesting a new conformation but only slight functional distortion caused by asymmetric ligation.     

Impact of normothermic preservation with extracellular type solution containing trehalose on rat kidney grafting from a cardiac death donor

Background

The aim of this study was to investigate factors that may improve the condition of a marginal kidney preserved with a normothermic solution following cardiac death (CD) in a model of rat kidney transplantation (RTx).

Methods

Post-euthanasia, Lewis (LEW) donor rats were left for 1 h in a 23°C room. These critical kidney grafts were preserved in University of Wisconsin (UW), lactate Ringer''s (LR), or extracellular-trehalose-Kyoto (ETK) solution, followed by intracellular-trehalose-Kyoto (ITK) solution at 4, 23, or 37°C for another 1 h, and finally transplanted into bilaterally nephrectomized LEW recipient rats (n = 4–6). Grafts of rats surviving to day 14 after RTx were evaluated by histopathological examination. The energy activity of these marginal rat kidneys was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC; n = 4 per group) and fluorescence intensity assay (n = 6 per group) after preservation with UW or ETK solutions at each temperature. Finally, the transplanted kidney was assessed by an in vivo luciferase imaging system (n = 2).

Results

Using the 1-h normothermic preservation of post-CD kidneys, five out of six recipients in the ETK group survived until 14 days, in contrast to zero out of six in the UW group (p<0.01). Preservation with ITK rather than ETK at 23°C tended to have an inferior effect on recipient survival (p = 0.12). Energy activities of the fresh donor kidneys decreased in a temperature-dependent manner, while those of post-CD kidneys remained at the lower level. ETK was superior to UW in protecting against edema of the post-CD kidneys at the higher temperature. Luminescence intensity of successful grafts recovered within 1 h, while the intensity of grafts of deceased recipients did not change at 1 h post-reperfusion.

Conclusions

Normothermic storage with extracellular-type solution containing trehalose might prevent reperfusion injury due to temperature-dependent tissue edema.     

Construction and application of an Escherichia coli bioreporter for aniline and chloroaniline detection

Aniline and chlorinated anilines (CAs) are classified as priority pollutants; therefore, an effective method for detection and monitoring is required. In this study, a green-fluorescence protein-based bioreporter for the detection of aniline and CAs was constructed in Escherichia coli DH5α, characterized and tested with soil and wastewater. The sensing capability relied on the regulatory control between a two-component regulatory protein, TodS/TodT, and the P _todX promoter of Pseudomonas putida T-57 (PpT57), since the gene expression of todS, todT, and todC2 are positively induced with 4-chloroaniline. The bioreporter system (DH5α/pPXGFP–pTODST) is markedly unique with the two co-existing plasmids. The inducibility of the fluorescence response was culture-medium- and time-dependent. Cells grown in M9G medium exhibited a low background fluorescence level and were readily induced by 4CA after 3-h exposure, reaching the maximum induction level at 9?h. When tested with benzene, toluene, ethyl-benzene and xylene, aniline and CAs, the response data were best fit by a sigmoidal dose–response relationship, from which the K _1/2 value was determined for the positive effectors. 3CA and 4CA were relatively powerful inducers, while some poly-chlorinated anilines could also induce green fluorescence protein expression. The results indicated a broader recognition range of PpT57’sTodST than previously reported for P. putida. The test results with environmental samples were reliable, indicating the potential application of this bioreporter in the ecotoxicology assessment and bioremediation of areas contaminated with aniline- and/or CAs.     

Factors promoting maternal trophic egg provisioning in non-eusocial animals

The adaptive function of trophic egg-laying is generally regarded as extended parental investment to the offspring. However, the evolutionary factors promoting trophic egg-laying are still unclear, because the amount of maternal investment per offspring should be ideally equal between smaller offspring with trophic eggs and larger offspring without any additional investment. Several authors have suggested that trophic egg-laying should evolve only when egg size is constrained, but this hypothesis has not been evaluated. We investigated the evolutionary mechanisms of trophic egg-laying by two different approaches. First, we evaluated morphological constraints on egg size in two sibling ladybird species, Harmonia axyridis, which is known to produce trophic eggs, and H. yedoensis. Second, we theoretically predicted the optimal proportion of trophic eggs to total eggs and egg size in relation to environmental heterogeneity, predictability of environmental quality, and investment efficiency of trophic egg consumption. The intra- and interspecific morphological comparisons suggest that morphological constraints on the evolutionary determination of egg size are weak at best in the two ladybird species. Moreover, we theoretically showed that small egg size and trophic egg-laying are favoured in heterogeneous environments when mothers cannot adjust egg size plastically. We also showed that even a small reduction in investment efficiency makes a trophic egg strategy unlikely, despite relatively high environmental predictability. We conclude that trophic egg provisioning may be a flexible maternal adaptation to a highly heterogeneous environment rather than a response to a morphological constraint on egg size.     

Lotus japonicus CASTOR and POLLUX Are Ion Channels Essential for Perinuclear Calcium Spiking in Legume Root Endosymbiosis

The mechanism underlying perinuclear calcium spiking induced during legume root endosymbioses is largely unknown. Lotus japonicus symbiosis-defective castor and pollux mutants are impaired in perinuclear calcium spiking. Homology modeling suggested that the related proteins CASTOR and POLLUX might be ion channels. Here, we show that CASTOR and POLLUX form two independent homocomplexes in planta. CASTOR reconstituted in planar lipid bilayers exhibited ion channel activity, and the channel characteristics were altered in a symbiosis-defective mutant carrying an amino acid replacement close to the selectivity filter. Permeability ratio determination and competition experiments reveled a weak preference of CASTOR for cations such as potassium over anions. POLLUX has an identical selectivity filter region and complemented a potassium transport–deficient yeast mutant, suggesting that POLLUX is also a potassium-permeable channel. Immunogold labeling localized the endogenous CASTOR protein to the nuclear envelope of Lotus root cells. Our data are consistent with a role of CASTOR and POLLUX in modulating the nuclear envelope membrane potential. They could either trigger the opening of calcium release channels or compensate the charge release during the calcium efflux as counter ion channels.     

Effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) agonists on leucine-induced phosphorylation of translational targets in C2C12 cells

Effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) agonists, WY-14,643 (WY) and/or clofibrate, on the leucine-induced phosphorylation of translational targets in C2C12 myoblasts was studied. C2C12 cells were treated with WY or clofibrate for 24 h prior to stimulation with leucine. Western blot analyses revealed that the leucine-induced phosphorylation of p70 S6 kinase (p70S6K), a key regulator of translation initiation, was significantly higher in WY-treated cells than in control and clofibrate-treated cells. Phosphorylation of extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) was higher in WY-treated cells. WY treatment also increased the leucine-induced phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 and eukaryotic initiation factor 4B. In contrast, eukaryotic elongation factor 2, a marker for peptide chain elongation process, was significantly activated (dephosphorylated) only in leucine-stimulated control cells. Pre-treatment of the cells with PD98059 (ERK1/2 kinase inhibitor) prevented the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and decreased the leucine-induced phosphorylation of p70S6K. It is concluded that WY increased the leucine-induced phosphorylation of target proteins involving in translation initiation via ERK/p70S6K pathway, but impaired the signaling for elongation process, suggesting that p70S6K phosphorylation may be essential, but not sufficient for the activation of entire targets for protein translation in WY-treated cells.