Synthesis, SAR studies, and pharmacological evaluation of 3-anilino-4-(3-indolyl) maleimides with conformationally restricted structure as orally bioavailable PKCbeta-selective inhibitors

Conformationally restricted 3-anilino-4-(3-indolyl)maleimide derivatives were designed and synthesized aiming at discovery of novel protein kinase Cbeta (PKCbeta)-selective inhibitors possessing oral bioavailability. Among them, compounds having a fused five-membered ring at the indole 1,2-position inhibited PKCbeta2 with IC50 of nM-order and showed good oral bioavailability. One of the most potent compounds was found to be PKCbeta-selective over other 6 isozymes and exhibited ameliorative effects in a rat diabetic retinopathy model via oral route.     

Interaction with IQGAP1 links APC to Rac1, Cdc42, and actin filaments during cell polarization and migration

Rho family GTPases, particularly Rac1 and Cdc42, are key regulators of cell polarization and directional migration. Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) is also thought to play a pivotal role in polarized cell migration. We have found that IQGAP1, an effector of Rac1 and Cdc42, interacts directly with APC. IQGAP1 and APC localize interdependently to the leading edge in migrating Vero cells, and activated Rac1/Cdc42 form a ternary complex with IQGAP1 and APC. Depletion of either IQGAP1 or APC inhibits actin meshwork formation and polarized migration. Depletion of IQGAP1 or APC also disrupts localization of CLIP-170, a microtubule-stabilizing protein that interacts with IQGAP1. Taken together, these results suggest a model in which activation of Rac1 and Cdc42 in response to migration signals leads to recruitment of IQGAP1 and APC which, together with CLIP-170, form a complex that links the actin cytoskeleton and microtubule dynamics during cell polarization and directional migration.     

Application of a new probabilistic model for recognizing complex patterns in glycans

MOTIVATION: The study of carbohydrate sugar chains, or glycans, has been one of slow progress mainly due to the difficulty in establishing standard methods for analyzing their structures and biosynthesis. Glycans are generally tree structures that are more complex than linear DNA or protein sequences, and evidence shows that patterns in glycans may be present that spread across siblings and into further regions that are not limited by the edges in the actual tree structure itself. Current models were not able to capture such patterns. RESULTS: We have applied a new probabilistic model, called probabilistic sibling-dependent tree Markov model (PSTMM), which is able to inherently capture such complex patterns of glycans. Not only is the ability to capture such patterns important in itself, but this also implies that PSTMM is capable of performing multiple tree structure alignments efficiently. We prove through experimentation on actual glycan data that this new model is extremely useful for gaining insight into the hidden, complex patterns of glycans, which are so crucial for the development and functioning of higher level organisms. Furthermore, we also show that this model can be additionally utilized as an innovative approach to multiple tree alignment, which has not been applied to glycan chains before. This extension on the usage of PSTMM may be a major step forward for not only the structural analysis of glycans, but it may consequently prove useful for discovering clues into their function.     

Mechanisms for the apoptosis of small cell lung cancer cells induced by anti-GD2 monoclonal antibodies: roles of anoikis

Anti-GD2 ganglioside antibodies could be a promising, novel therapeutic approach to the eradication of human small cell lung cancers, as anti-GD2 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) induced apoptosis of small cell lung cancer cells in culture. In this study, we analyzed the mechanisms for the apoptosis of these cells by anti-GD2 mAbs and elucidated the mechanisms by which apoptosis signals were transduced via reduction in the phosphorylation levels of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and the activation of a MAPK family member, p38, upon the antibody binding. Knock down of FAK resulted in apoptosis and p38 activation. The inhibition of p38 activity blocked antibody-induced apoptosis, indicating that p38 is involved in this process. Immunoprecipitation-immunoblotting analysis of immune precipitates with anti-FAK or anti-integrin antibodies using an anti-GD2 mAb revealed that GD2 could be precipitated with integrin and/or FAK. These results suggested that GD2, integrin, and FAK form a huge molecular complex across the plasma membrane. Taken together with the fact that GD2+ cells showed marked detachment from the plate during apoptosis, GD2+ small cell lung cancer cells seemed to undergo anoikis through the conformational changes of integrin molecules and subsequent FAK dephosphorylation.     

Novel and orally bioavailable inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitors: synthesis and evaluation of optically active 4,5-dialkyl-2-iminoselenazolidine derivatives

We have previously reported that (4R,5R)-5-ethyl-2-imino-4-methylthiazolidine (3) strongly inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). In a successive search for strong and selective iNOS inhibitors, we, herein, describe the synthesis of the selenium analogue of 3 (4: ES-2133) and its related optically active compounds and examine their in vitro and in vivo inhibitory activity against iNOS. In addition, an alternative synthetic method to the selected compound 4 and its pharmacokinetic profile is also reported.     

Decreased expression of Apaf‐1 with progression of melanoma

Defects in apoptotic system may contribute in the pathogenesis and resistance of malignant melanoma cells to chemotherapy. Apoptotic protease‐activating factor‐1 (Apaf‐1) is a cell death effector that acts with cytochrome c and caspase‐9 to mediate apoptosis. Recently it was shown that metastatic melanomas often lose Apaf‐1 and are concomitantly resistant to apoptosis. It is not known, however, whether Apaf‐1 protein is lost during melanoma progression from localized to metastatic tumor. To this end, we evaluated Apaf‐1 protein expression by immunohistochemistry in 10 cases of human nevi, 11 melanomas in situ, 26 primary melanomas and 15 metastases. Significant decreases in Apaf‐1 expression was observed when comparing nevi and melanomas (chi‐square = 33.719; P < 0.0001). Moreover, primary melanomas with greater tumor thickness showed lesser expression of Apaf‐1 (chi‐square = 16.182; P < 0.003). Intriguingly, we were unable to detect Apaf‐1 expression in lesions of metastatic melanomas. These data demonstrated that there is an inverse correlation between Apaf‐1 expression and pathologic stage of melanoma. This suggests that the decreased expression of Apaf‐1 seen in correlation with melanoma progression renders melanoma more resistant to chemotherapy.     

Regulation of mitotic spindle formation by the RhoA guanine nucleotide exchange factor ARHGEF10

Background  

The Dbl family guanine nucleotide exchange factor ARHGEF10 was originally identified as the product of the gene associated with slowed nerve-conduction velocities of peripheral nerves. However, the function of ARHGEF10 in mammalian cells is totally unknown at a molecular level. ARHGEF10 contains no distinctive functional domains except for tandem Dbl homology-pleckstrin homology and putative transmembrane domains.     

Current knowledge of dystrophin and dystrophin-associated proteins in the retina

Dramatical development of molecular genetics has been disclosing the molecular mechanism of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD). DMD gene product, dystrophin, is a submembranous cytoskeletal protein and many dystrophin-associated proteins (DAPs) have been identified, such as utrophin, dystroglycans, sarcoglycans, syntrophins and dystrobrevins. Dystrophin and DAPs are very important proteins not only for skeletal, cardiac, or smooth muscles but also for peripheral and central nervous systems including the retina. The retina has been extensively examined to demonstrate that dystrophin and beta-dystroglycan localize at the photoreceptor terminal, and their deficiency produces the abnormal neurotransmission between photoreceptor cells and ON-bipolar cells. Dystrophin has seven isoforms in variable tissues, and the retina contains full-length dystrophin (Dp427), Dp260, and Dp71. Recent studies have demonstrated that Dp71 localizes in the inner limiting membrane (INL) and around the blood vessel, and Dp260 is expressed in the outer plexiform layer (OPL). beta-dystroglycan is also expressed in the same regions as well as dystrophin, but it remains unclear whether other DAPs are expressed in the retina or not. It is generally assumed that dystrophin functions to stabilize muscle fibers with DAPs by linking the sarcolemma to the basement membrane, but its function in the retina is totally unknown so far.     

Requirement for matrix metalloproteinase stromelysin-3 in cell migration and apoptosis during tissue remodeling in Xenopus laevis

The matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) stromelysin-3 (ST3) was originally discovered as a gene whose expression was associated with human breast cancer carcinomas and with apoptosis during organogenesis and tissue remodeling. It has been shown previously, in our studies as well as those by others, that ST3 mRNA is highly upregulated during apoptotic tissue remodeling during Xenopus laevis metamorphosis. Using a function-blocking antibody against the catalytic domain of Xenopus ST3, we demonstrate here that ST3 protein is specifically expressed in the cells adjacent to the remodeling extracellular matrix (ECM) that lies beneath the apoptotic larval intestinal epithelium in X. laevis in vivo, and during thyroid hormone-induced intestinal remodeling in organ cultures. More importantly, addition of this antibody, but not the preimmune antiserum or unrelated antibodies, to the medium of intestinal organ cultures leads to an inhibition of thyroid hormone-induced ECM remodeling, apoptosis of the larval epithelium, and the invasion of the adult intestinal primodia into the connective tissue, a process critical for adult epithelial morphogenesis. On the other hand, the antibody has little effect on adult epithelial cell proliferation. Furthermore, a known MMP inhibitor can also inhibit epithelial transformation in vitro. These results indicate that ST3 is required for cell fate determination and cell migration during morphogenesis, most likely through ECM remodeling.