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41.
P. T. C. Nambiar 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》1985,1(4):293-309
Summary A successfulRhizobium inoculant strain needs to be more competitive than native soil rhizobia in forming nodules and to be effective in fixing nitrogen. Persistence of the strain from one season to the next will be an added advantage, since it eliminates the need to inoculate every season. Earlier studies indicated that groundnut,Arachis hypogaea, seldom responds toRhizobium inoculation in soils already containing rhizobia which nodulate groundnut. However, the results of seven years of research at ICRISAT have opened up the prospect of inoculating groundnut in such soils. These experiments indicate that inoculating with sufficient numbers of an effectiveRhizobium strain, NC 92, applied as a liquid slurry below the seed, increased yields of certain groundnut cultivars. Similar results were reported from other research centres in India. Inoculation with NC 92 for two consecutive seasons increased the proportion of nodules formed by this strain, from 25–32% in the first season to 41–54% in the second season, indicating that this strain can persist in the field for the following season. This paper also discusses results of experiments relating to host cultivar specificity and some possible problems in applying this information to farmers' fields. Strain NC 92 also produces a siderophore, an iron chelating compound, which may help in the iron nutrition of the plant.
Submitted as ICRISAT J. A. No. 475. 相似文献
Resumen Respuesta del maní (Arachis hypogaeaL.)a la inoculación con Rhizobiumen el campo. Problemas y perspectivas.La inoculación conRhizobium para tener exito debe de realizarse con una cepa que sea competitivamente mejor que las cepas nativas del suelo en cuestión, en relación a la habilidad para formar nódulos y a la eficacia en la fijación de nitrógeno. La persistencia de la cepa de una temporada para otra es una caracteristica deseable ya que elimina la necesidad de reinocular cada temporada. Estudios previos indicaban que el maní (Arachis hypogaeae) raras veces responde a la inoculación conRhizobium en suelos que ya contienenRhizobium especificos. Sin embargo los resultados de siete años de investigaciones en ICRISAT han abierto nuevas perspectivas para la inoculación del maní en dichos suelos. Esta experiencias indican que la inoculación, en cantidades suficientes de una cepa deRhizobium eficaz (NC 92) aplicada en forma de liquido viscoso bajo la semilla incrementa el rendimiento de ciertos cultivars de mani. Resultados semejantes se han observado en otros centros de investigación en India.La inoculación de la cepa NC 92 durante dos años consecutivos incrementó la proporción de nódulos formados desde 25–32% en la primera temporada hasta 41–54% en la segunda indicando pues la persistencia de dicha cepa en el suelo de una a otra temporada. Este trabajo también evalua los resultados de investigaciones relacionando la especificidad del inóculo con la posible problemática que conlleva la aplicación de esta informacion por el agricultor.
Résumé Réponse de l'arachide (Arachis hypogeaL.)à l'inculation de Rhizobiumdans les champs. Problèmes et perspectives.Pour être couronnée de succès, une souche deRhizobium inoculée doit supplanter les rhizobiums natifs du sol en ce qui concerne la formation de nodules et doit fixer l'azote efficacement. La persistance de la souche d'une saison à l'autre, rendant inutile la répétition saisonnière de l'inoculation, est un avantage supplémentaire. Des études antérieures ont montré que l'arachide (Arachis hypogea) ne répond que rarement à l'inoculation dans des sols contenant déjà des rhizobiums capables de noduler cette plante. Cependant, les résultats de sept années de recherches éffectuées à l'ICRISAT ont ouvert des possibilités quant à l'inoculation dans ce type de sols. Ces expériences montrent qu'une bouillie liquide d'une souche efficace deRhizobium (NC 92), répandue en quantité suffisante sous les graines, augmente le rendement de certains cultivars d'arachide. Des résultats similaires ont été rapportés par d'autres centres de recherches en Inde. L'inoculation de NC 92 pendant deux saisons consécutives a augmenté la proportion des nodules formés par cette souche de 25 à 32% pour la première saison, et de 41 à 54% pour la seconde, ce qui indique que cette souche peut persister dans le sol d'une saison à l'autre. Dans cet article sont également discutés les résultats d'expériences concernant la spécificité de l'hôte et quelques problèmes concernant l'utilisation de ces informations par les agriculteurs. La souche NC 92 produit aussi un sidérophore, agent complexant du fer pouvant jouer un rôle dans le métabolisme de ce métal chez la plante.
Submitted as ICRISAT J. A. No. 475. 相似文献
42.
43.
Three satellite DNA families were identified in three species of burying
beetles, Nicrophorus orbicollis, N. marginatus, and N. americanus. Southern
hybridization and nucleotide sequence analysis of individual randomly
cloned repeats shows that these satellite DNA families are highly abundant
in the genome, are composed of unique repeats, and are species-specific.
The repeats do not have identifiable core elements or substructures that
are similar in all three families, and most interspecific sequence
similarity is confined to homopolymeric runs of A and T. Satellite DNA from
N. marginatus and N. americanus show single-base-pair indels among repeats,
but single-nucleotide substitutions characterize most of the repeat
variability. Although the repeat units are of similar lengths (342, 350,
and 354 bp) and A + T composition (65%, 71%, and 71%, respectively), the
average nucleotide divergence among sequenced repeats is very low (0.18%,
1.22%, and 0.71%, respectively). Transition/transversion ratios from the
consensus sequence are 0.20, 0.69, and 0.70, respectively.
相似文献
44.
DNA sequence and structure play a key role in imparting fragility to different regions of the genome. Recent studies have shown that non-B DNA structures play a key role in causing genomic instability, apart from their physiological roles at telomeres and promoters. Structures such as G-quadruplexes, cruciforms, and triplexes have been implicated in making DNA susceptible to breakage, resulting in genomic rearrangements. Hence, techniques that aid in the easy identification of such non-B DNA motifs will prove to be very useful in determining factors responsible for genomic instability. In this study, we provide evidence for the use of primer extension as a sensitive and specific tool to detect such altered DNA structures. We have used the G-quadruplex motif, recently characterized at the BCL2 major breakpoint region as a proof of principle to demonstrate the advantages of the technique. Our results show that pause sites corresponding to the non-B DNA are specific, since they are absent when the G-quadruplex motif is mutated and their positions change in tandem with that of the primers. The efficiency of primer extension pause sites varied according to the concentration of monovalant cations tested, which support G-quadruplex formation. Overall, our results demonstrate that primer extension is a strong in vitro tool to detect non-B DNA structures such as G-quadruplex on a plasmid DNA, which can be further adapted to identify non-B DNA structures, even at the genomic level. 相似文献
45.
U Natraj J Pereira S Nambiar S Mahale K S Iyer 《Indian journal of biochemistry & biophysics》1992,29(3):277-281
Rabbit antibodies to native riboflavin carrier protein (RCP), are to a large extent directed towards the conformational epitopes and antibodies to disulphide bond reduced carboxymethylated riboflavin carrier protein (RCM-RCP) to the sequential epitopes. Taking advantage of this premise and in order to map the epitopes of RCP recognized by the antibodies, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were validated for RCP and RCM-RCP using the Avidin-Biotin system. The usefulness of these assays were illustrated when antigenicity of peptides derived from RCM-RCP following trypsinization were examined. Two major (T1,T2) and one minor peptide (T3) fractions were obtained when the tryptic peptides were fractionated on DEAE-cellulose. RCP has a blocked N-terminal. Tryptic peptides (T1 and T2) on microsequencing revealed the absence of an N-terminal amino acid, indicating that these fragments emanate from the N-terminal region of RCP. In support of this observation is the finding that antipeptide antibody to cRCP (10-24) of cRCP interacted with T1 as well as T2 indicating the presence of the sequential epitope (10-24) of cRCP in these fragments. In RCP-ELISA, only T2 displaced RCP and peptides T1 and T2 displaced RCM-RCP in RCM-RCP ELISA. Differences in the ability of these fragments (T1 and T2) to displace RCP and RCM-RCP reflect the subtle changes in the spatial structures of these epitopes in RCP and RCM-RCP. 相似文献
46.
Teng YK Verburg RJ Verpoort KN Diepenhorst GM Bajema IM van Tol MJ Jol-van der Zijde EC Toes RE Huizinga TW van Laar JM 《Arthritis research & therapy》2007,9(5):R106
In order to identify pathogenic correlates of refractory rheumatoid arthritis (RA), antibodies against anti-cyclic citrullinated
protein (ACPAs) were investigated in RA patients in whom the dysregulated immune system had been ablated by high-dose chemotherapy
(HDC) and autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Six patients with refractory RA were extensively characterized
in terms of levels of total immunoglobulins, RA-specific autoantibodies (ACPAs and rheumatoid factor) and antibodies against
rubella, tetanus toxoid (TT) and phosphorylcholine before and after HDC plus HSCT. Additionally, the avidity of ACPAs was
measured before and after treatment and compared with the avidity of TT antibodies following repeated immunizations. Synovial
biopsies were obtained by arthroscopy before HDC plus HSCT, and analyzed by immunohistochemistry. In the three patients with
clinically long-lasting responses to HDC plus HSCT (median 423 days), significant reductions in ACPA-IgG levels after therapy
were observed (median level dropped from 215 to 34 arbitrary units/ml; P = 0.05). In contrast, stable ACPA-IgG levels were observed in three patients who relapsed shortly after HDC plus HSCT (median
of 67 days). Clinical responders had ACPA-IgG of lower avidity (r = 0.75; P = 0.08) and higher degree of inflammation histologically (r = 0.73; P = 0.09). Relapse (after 38 to 530 days) in all patients was preceded by rising levels of low avidity ACPA-IgG (after 30 to
388 days), in contrast to the stable titres of high avidity TT antibodies. In conclusion, humoral autoimmune responses were
differentially modulated by immunoablative therapy in patients with synovial inflammation and low avidity ACPA-IgG autoantibodies
as compared with patients with high levels of high avidity ACPA-IgG. The distinct clinical disease course after immunoablative
therapy based on levels and avidity of ACPA-IgG indicates that refractory RA is not a single disease entity. 相似文献
47.
A study dealing with the marine fungi associated with decaying wood samples in the brackish water mangrove ecosystem and shoreline ecosystem was carried out in south India. A total of 19 marine fungi were isolated from the brackish water mangrove ecosystem. They included 13 Ascomycetes, one Basidiomycete and five Mitosporic fungi. In terms of percent frequency of occurrence, the most frequent species obtained from the brackishwater were the Lignincola longirostris (16.60%) and Savoryella lignicola (12.09%). Nine species were found frequently. Five species were occasionally encoun-tered. Aigialus mangrovei, Aniptodera mangrovei and Halosarpheia marina were the rare species recorded. The average number of isolates per wood sample was 1.53. A total of 27 marine fungi including 15 ascomycetes, one basidiomycete and ten mitosporic fungi were recorded from the shoreline ecosystem. In terms of percent frequency of occurrence, the most frequent species obtained from Kanyakumari were the Arenariomyces trifurcates (13.66%), Corollospora maritima (12.44%), and Cirrenalia pygmea (10.98%). Seven species were found frequently. Fourteen species were occasionally encountered. Three species were found to be rare in occurrence. The average number of isolates per wood sample was 1.21. 相似文献
48.
49.
Polarized light based scheme to monitor column performance in a continuous foam fractionation column
Background
A polarized light scattering technique was used to monitor the performance of a continuously operated foam fractionation process. The S 11 and S 12 parameters, elements of the light scattering matrix, combined together (S 11 +S 12) have been correlated with the bubble size and liquid content for the case of a freely draining foam. The performance of a foam fractionation column is known to have a strong dependence on the bubble size distribution and liquid hold up in foam. In this study the enrichment is used as a metric, representative of foam properties and column performance, and correlated to the S 11 +S 12 parameter. 相似文献50.
Optical tweezers are a powerful tool for the study of single biomolecules. Many applications require that a molecule be held under constant tension while its extension is measured. We present two schemes based on scanning-line optical tweezers to accomplish this, providing all-optical alternatives to force-clamp traps that rely on electronic feedback to maintain constant-force conditions for the molecule. In these schemes, a laser beam is rapidly scanned along a line in the focal plane of the microscope objective, effectively creating an extended one-dimensional optical potential over distances of up to 8 microm. A position-independent lateral force acting on a trapped particle is created by either modulating the laser beam intensity during the scan or by using an asymmetric beam profile in the back focal plane of the microscope objective. With these techniques, forces of up to 2.69 pN have been applied over distances of up to 3.4 microm with residual spring constants of <26.6 fN/microm. We used these techniques in conjunction with a fast position measurement scheme to study the relaxation of lambda-DNA molecules against a constant external force with submillisecond time resolution. We compare the results to predictions from the wormlike chain model. 相似文献