H2 production from starch by a mixed culture of Clostridium butyricum and Rhodobacter sp. M[h]19

A photosynthetic bacterium having ability to produce H2 from acetic, butyric and lactic acids, Rhodobacter sp. M-19 was isolated. H2 was produced from starch in a batch culture by Clostridium butyricum and in a two-step batch culture by C. butyricum and Rhodobacter sp. M-19 in yields of 1.9 and 3.6 mol H2/mol glucose, respectively. A mixed culture of C. butyricum and Rhodobacter sp. M-19 produced H2 from starch with a yield of 6.6 mol H2/mol glucose in a fed-batch culture. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998     

H2 production from starch by a mixed culture of Clostridium butyricum and Enterobacter aerogenes

A mixed continuous culture of Clostridium butyricum and Enterobacter aerogenes removed O2 in a reactor and produced H2 from starch with yield of more than 2 mol H2/mol glucose without any reducing agents in the medium. Co-immobilized cells of the bacteria on porous glass beads evolved H2 from starch at 1.3 l/l.h, with H2 yield of 2.6 mol H2/ mol glucose at dilution rate of 1.0 h–1 in a continuous culture.     

Autoantibodies recognizing proteins copurified with PCNA in patients with connective tissue diseases

Objective. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), one of the target antigen recognized by lupus sera, has been reported to be present as a subnuclear multi-peptide complex. But autoantibodies reacting with components of PCNA complex are poorly understood. To study the specificity of those autoantibodies, immunoreactivities of autoimmune sera against purified PCNA antigen were studied. Methods. PCNA antigens were purified from rabbit thymus extract by affinity column using murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to PCNA, TOB7, TO17 and TO30. Immunoreactivities of autoimmune sera against purified PCNA were analyzed by WB. Results. PCNA antigen purified by serum AK predominantly showed a 34 kD band specific for PCNA in SDS-PAGE. When antigens were purified by anti-PCNA mAb TOB7 and TO30 which are known to be targeting different epitopes on PCNA antigen, SDS-PAGE analysis showed various mol. wt of proteins in addition to the 34 kD PCNA while both AK and mAbs reacted only with 34 kD PCNA in WB. In WB using PCNA purified by TOB7, various immunoreactivities were observed at 150, 66, 58, 48, 45, 37, 32 and 16 kDa in sera from patients with connective tissue diseases. Conclusions. These results suggested that many of the proteins copurified with PCNA were also targets of autoimmune responses and these autoantibody experssion may be induced through antigen-driven mechanisms.Abbreviations mAb monoclonal antibody - PCNA proliferating cell nuclear antigen - PCNA/AK PCNA affinity purified by antibodies from patient serum AK - PCNA/TO30 PCNA purfied by mAb TO30 - PCNA/TOB7 PCNA purified by mAb TOB7 - SLE systemic lupus erythematosus