Functional Exploration of Chaperonin (HSP60/10) Family Genes and their Abiotic Stress-induced Expression Patterns in Sorghum bicolor

Background Sorghum, the C4 dry-land cereal, important for food, fodder, feed and fuel, is a model crop for abiotic stress tolerance with smaller genome size, genetic diversity, and bio-energy traits. The heat shock proteins/chaperonin 60s (HSP60/Cpn60s) assist the plastid proteins, and participate in the folding and aggregation of proteins. However, the functions of HSP60s in abiotic stress tolerance in Sorghum remain unclear.MethodsGenome-wide screening and in silico characterization of SbHSP60s were carried out along with tissue and stress-specific expression analysis.ResultsA total of 36 HSP60 genes were identified in Sorghum bicolor. They were subdivided into 2 groups, the HSP60 and HSP10 co-chaperonins encoded by 30 and 6 genes, respectively. The genes are distributed on all the chromosomes, chromosome 1 being the hot spot with 9 genes. All the HSP60s were found hydrophilic and highly unstable. The HSP60 genes showed a large number of introns, the majority of them with more than 10. Among the 12 paralogs, only 1 was tandem and the remaining 11 segmental, indicating their role in the expansion of SbHSP60s. Majority of the SbHSP60 genes expressed uniformly in leaf while a moderate expression was observed in the root tissues, with the highest expression displayed by SbHSP60-1. From expression analysis, SbHSP60-3 for drought, SbHSP60-9 for salt, SbHSP60-9 and 24 for heat and SbHSP60-3, 9 and SbHSP10-2 have been found implicated for cold stress tolerance and appeared as the key regulatory genes.ConclusionThis work paves the way for the utilization of chaperonin family genes for achieving abiotic stress tolerance in plants.     

Regio-and stereospecific construction of vicinal quaternary carbons: Total synthesis of (±)-albene

A regiospecific and stereoselective total synthesis of the trisnorsesquiternene (±)-albene, via a prochiral precursor is described. The ortho ester Claisen rearrangement of the allyl alcohol, obtained in two regiospecific reactions from a Diels-Alder adduct, followed by hydrolysis of the resultant ester furnished an ene acid in a highly stereoselective manner. Anhydrous copper sulphate catalysed intramolecular cyclopropanation reaction of the diazo ketone derived from the ene acid, generated a cyclopropyl ketone. The regiospecific reductive cleavage of this cyclopropyl ketone resulted in a prochiral ketone. Finally, Shapiro reaction on the tosylhydrazone, derived from the latter ketone, furnished (±)-albene.