Cycloartane triterpene glycosides from Astragalus trigonus

Three new cycloartane glycosides, trigonoside I, II and III, and the known astragalosides I and II were isolated from the roots of Astragalus trigonus. The structures of the new glycosides were totally elucidated by high field (600 MHz) NMR analyses as cycloastragenol-6-O-β-xylopyranoside, cycloastragenol-3-O-[-l-arabinopyranosyl(1 → 2)-β-d-xylopyranosyl]-6-O-β- d-xylopyranoside and cycloastragenol-3-O-[-l-arabinopyranosyl(1 → 2)-β-d-(3-O-acetyl)-xylopyranosyl]-6-O-β-d-xylopyranoside.     

Muscle-specific expression of insulin-like growth factor I counters muscle decline in mdx mice

The Rho GTPase and Fyn tyrosine kinase have been implicated previously in positive control of keratinocyte cell-cell adhesion. Here, we show that Rho and Fyn operate along the same signaling pathway. Endogenous Rho activity increases in differentiating keratinocytes and is required for both Fyn kinase activation and increased tyrosine phosphorylation of beta- and gamma-catenin, which is associated with the establishment of keratinocyte cell-cell adhesion. Conversely, expression of constitutive active Rho is sufficient to promote cell-cell adhesion through a tyrosine kinase- and Fyn-dependent mechanism, trigger Fyn kinase activation, and induce tyrosine phosphorylation of beta- and gamma-catenin and p120ctn. The positive effects of activated Rho on cell-cell adhesion are not induced by an activated Rho mutant with defective binding to the serine/threonine PRK2/PKN kinases. Endogenous PRK2 kinase activity increases with keratinocyte differentiation, and, like activated Rho, increased PRK2 activity promotes keratinocyte cell-cell adhesion and induces tyrosine phosphorylation of beta- and gamma-catenin and Fyn kinase activation. Thus, these findings reveal a novel role of Fyn as a downstream mediator of Rho in control of keratinocyte cell-cell adhesion and implicate the PRK2 kinase, a direct Rho effector, as a link between Rho and Fyn activation.     

A whole mitochondrial genome screening in a MELAS patient: a novel mitochondrial tRNA(Val) mutation

Mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and strokelike episodes (MELAS) syndrome is a mitochondrial disorder characterized by a wide variety of clinical presentations and a multisystemic organ involvement. In this study, we report a Tunisian girl with clinical features of MELAS syndrome who was negative for the common m.3243A>G mutation, but also for the reported mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations and deletions. Screening of the entire mtDNA genome showed several known mitochondrial variants besides to a novel transition m.1640A>G affecting a wobble adenine in the anticodon stem region of the tRNA(Val). This nucleotide was conserved and it was absent in 150 controls suggesting its pathogenicity. In addition, no mutations were found in the nuclear polymerase gamma-1 gene (POLG1). These results suggest further investigation nuclear genes encoding proteins responsible for stability and structural components of the mtDNA or to the oxidative phosphorylation machinery to explain the phenotypic variability in the studied family.     

Detection of lysozyme-like enzymatic activity secreted by an immune-responsive mosquito cell line

Using molecular approaches, we have recently shown that the C7-10 mosquito cell line from Aedes albopictus, and the Aag-2 line from Aedes aegypti, secrete a variety of immune peptides into the culture medium, including cecropins, defensins, transferrin, and lysozyme. The diversity of these peptides makes it difficult to quantify the relative activities of each molecule, because possible synergistic interactions may occur. Using a microtiter plate assay with live bacteria, we now show that C7-10 cells secrete an activity that is more potent against the Gram-positive bacterium, Micrococcus luteus, than against Gram-negative Escherichia coli. This lysozyme-like activity is accompanied by production of a lytic zone in an agarose plate assay containing commercially available, lyophilized M. luteus. Properties of the lysozyme-like activity from C7-10 cells included a broad pH optimum from 5.5 to 6.5, and heat-sensitivity above 42 degrees C. Amounts of secreted activity increased during the initial 24h of incubation with heat-killed bacteria. During this induction, lysozyme-like activity was found primarily in the cell culture supernatant.     

Pollen morphology and its taxonomic significance in the tribe Gochnatieae (Compositae, Gochnatioideae)

In the context of recent molecular phylogenies of the basal grades of Compositae, we investigated the utility of pollen morphology within the tribe Gochnatieae. The pollen of 64 species of Anastraphia, Cnicothamnus, Cyclolepis, Gochnatia, Pentaphorus, and Richterago was studied using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. In addition, three extra-Gochnatieae genera (Ianthopappus, Leucomeris, and Nouelia) were examined as they were traditionally morphologically related to members of the tribe Gochnatieae. Three of the species of Gochnatieae were examined using transmission electron microscopy. Two pollen types, and two new subtypes, have been recognized on the basis of the pollen shape, size, and exine sculpture. The pollen features of Gochnatia sect. Moquiniastrum and G. cordata are similar and distinctive within the genus and support the recently re-circumscribed section Hedraiophyllum. Within the species with echinate pollen surface, the distinctive spine length of Anastraphia supports its recent resurrection as a genus. The identity of Pentaphorus could not be supported by pollen features as was for other morphological characteristics. The pollen features shared across Cyclolepis, Ianthopappus, Leucomeris, Nouelia and Gochnatia sect. Moquiniastrum, as well as those shared by Richterago and Anastraphia could be a result of parallel evolution.     

YajL, the prokaryotic homolog of the Parkinsonism-associated protein DJ-1, protects cells against protein sulfenylation

YajL is the closest Escherichia coli homolog of the Parkinsonism-associated protein DJ-1, a multifunctional oxidative stress response protein whose biochemical function remains unclear. We recently described the oxidative-stress-dependent aggregation of proteins in yajL mutants and the oxidative-stress-dependent formation of mixed disulfides between YajL and members of the thiol proteome. We report here that yajL mutants display increased protein sulfenic acids levels and that formation of mixed disulfides between YajL and its protein substrates in vivo is inhibited by the sulfenic acid reactant dimedone, suggesting that YajL preferentially forms disulfides with sulfenylated proteins. YajL (but not YajL(C106A)) also forms mixed disulfides in vitro with the sulfenylated form of bovine serum albumin. The YajL-serum albumin disulfides can be subsequently reduced by glutathione or dihydrolipoic acid. We also show that DJ-1 can form mixed disulfides with sulfenylated E. coli proteins and with sulfenylated serum albumin. These results suggest that YajL and possibly DJ-1 function as covalent chaperones involved in the detection of sulfenylated proteins by forming mixed disulfides with them and that these disulfides are subsequently reduced by low-molecular-weight thiols.     

Development of a modified transformation platform for apomixis candidate genes research in Paspalum notatum (bahiagrass)

The aim of this work was to improve existing transformation protocols and to transform specific genotypes of Paspalum notatum (bahiagrass) for functional analyses of candidate genes involved in reproduction. Three different explants were assayed for in vitro plant regeneration: mature seeds, mature embryos, and shoot meristems. Plant regeneration was achieved with all explant types, but mature seeds produced the optimal rate (78.0%) and were easiest to manipulate. A method based on serial re-induction of calli from meristems of the regenerated lines was also developed, which could be useful in plant breeding strategies pursuing somaclonal variation. Transient transformation experiments were performed on calli obtained from mature seeds using a compressed helium gene gun. Transient transformation constructs included anthocyanin-synthesis genes cloned under the CAMV 35S promoter and an enhanced green fluorescent protein gene (egfp) driven by the rice actin1 (act1) promoter. Selection curves for ammonium glufosinate were developed in order to determine the optimal selective pressure for stable transformation (1.0 mg/L). Stable co-transformation experiments were carried out with two different constructs containing: (1) the reporter egfp gene cloned under the rice act1 promoter and (2) the selector bar gene driven by the ubiquitin promoter. A total of 27 (64.2%) transgenic plants out of 42 resistant plants analyzed were obtained. The presence of the transgenes in regenerated plants was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and DNA gel blot analysis. Gene expression was demonstrated by eGFP fluorescence detection and in vivo assays for ammonium glufosinate tolerance. This platform is being used to generate transgenic plants of P. notatum to analyze the function of apomixis-associated candidate genes.     

Characterization of Human γδ T Lymphocytes Infiltrating Primary Malignant Melanomas

T lymphocytes are often induced naturally in melanoma patients and infiltrate tumors. Given that γδ T cells mediate antigen-specific killing of tumor cells, we studied the representation and the in vitro cytokine production and cytotoxic activity of tumor infiltrating γδ T cells from 74 patients with primary melanoma. We found that γδ T cells represent the major lymphocyte population infiltrating melanoma, and both Vδ1⁺ and Vδ2⁺ cells are involved. The majority of melanoma-infiltrating γδ cells showed effector memory and terminally-differentiated phenotypes and, accordingly, polyclonal γδ T cell lines obtained from tumor-infiltrating immune cells produced IFN-γ and TNF-α and were capable of killing melanoma cell lines in vitro. The cytotoxic capability of Vδ2 cell lines was further improved by pre-treatment of tumor target cells with zoledronate. Moreover, higher rate of γδ T cells isolation and percentages of Vδ2 cells correlate with early stage of development of melanoma and absence of metastasis. Altogether, our results suggest that a natural immune response mediated by γδ T lymphocytes may contribute to the immunosurveillance of melanoma.     

Cellular localization of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator in mouse intestinal tract

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a cAMP and cGMP-regulated chloride channel critical to the regulation of intestinal fluid, chloride, and bicarbonate secretion. In cystic fibrosis (CF), mutations in CFTR result in downregulation of CFTR function and small intestinal obstruction. Unlike the human CF intestine, severe gastrointestinal disease and lethal obstruction is common in transgenic mice deficient in CFTR. The relevance of the physiology of CFTR and pathophysiology of CF in genetically altered mice to that of human CF disease remains incompletely understood. We hypothesized that the expression and distribution of CFTR in mouse intestine may differ from that of human and may contribute to the variation in disease expression between the two species. Using immunocytochemical and immunoblot techniques and well-characterized anti-rodent anti-CFTR antibodies, we examined the cellular distribution of CFTR in the mouse intestinal tract. We identified significant differences in villus distribution for CFTR in the mouse proximal small intestine compared to those previously reported for human and rat. These observations are important to the understanding of CFTR pathophysiology in transgenic CF mouse model systems and bear relevance to the different phenotypic expression of disease in mice compared to human.