Neutralizing Activity Induced by the Attenuated Coxsackievirus B3 Sabin3-like Strain Against CVB3 Infection

Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) causes viral myocarditis, and can ultimately result in dilated cardiomyopathy. There is no vaccine available for clinical use. In the present work, we assessed whether the Sabin3-like mutant of CVB3 could induce a protective immunity against virulent CVB3 Nancy and CVB4 E2 strains in mice by both oral and intraperitoneal (IP) routes. Serum samples, taken from mice inoculated with Sabin3-like, were assayed in vitro for their anti-CVB3 neutralizing activity. CVB3 Sabin3-like was highly attenuated in vivo and was able to induce an anti-CVB3 activity of the serum. However, at 4 days post-CVB3 challenge, significant increased titers of CVB3 neutralizing antibodies were detectable in the sera of immunized mice over the next 6 days. Non-immunized mice challenged with CVB3 Nancy had no anti-CVB3 activity in their sera until 10 days post-infection. CVB3 Nancy induced higher viral titers than did the mutant strain. There was no variation of the neutralizing activity of serum taken from mice immunized with CVB3 Sabin3-like and challenged with CVB4 E2, compared to non-immunized mice. Despite the fact that CVB3 and CVB4 are closely related viruses, virus-neutralizing activity clearly distinguish between these viruses. A variable and limited amount of pancreatic inflammation was seen in some mice 10 days after Sabin3-like inoculation by IP route, whereas there was no evidence of pancreatic damage in mice inoculated by oral route. All immunized mice were protected from myocarditis and pancreatitis at 8 days post-challenge with CVB3 or CVB4 E2. These findings strongly suggest that the mutant strain could be considered a candidate for an attenuated CVB3 vaccine.     

Solution conformation of a pectin fragment disaccharide using molecular modelling and nuclear magnetic resonance

In the present study, the conformational behaviour of methylated pectic disaccharide 4-O-alpha-D-galactopyranurosyl 1-O-methyl-alpha-D-galactopyranuronic 6,6'-dimethyl diester 1 has been completely characterized through combined n.m.r. and molecular modelling studies. The 1H-1H n.O.e. across the glycosidic bond was measured by both steady-state and transient 1D and 2D experiments. In parallel, the complete conformational analysis of the disaccharide has been achieved with the MM3 molecular mechanics method. The conformation of the pyranose ring is confirmed by the excellent agreement between the experimental and calculated intracyclic scalar coupling constants. The iso-energy contours displayed on the 'relaxed' map indicate an important flexibility about the glycosidic linkage. There is no significant influence of the methoxyl group on the conformational behaviour of the disaccharide. The theoretical n.m.r. data were calculated taking into account all the accessible conformations and using the averaging methods appropriate for slow internal motions. 3JC-H coupling constants were calculated using an equation suitable for C-O-C-H segments. The agreement between experimental and theoretical data is excellent. Within the potential energy surface calculated for the disaccharide, several conformers can be identified. When these conformations are extrapolated to a regular polymer structure, they generate pectins with right- and left-handed chirality along with a two-fold helix. These different types of helical structure are the result of small changes in conformation, without any drastic variation of the fibre repeat.     

The Polo-Like Kinase 1 (PLK1) Inhibitor NMS-P937 Is Effective in a New Model of Disseminated Primary CD56+ Acute Monoblastic Leukaemia

CD56 is expressed in 15–20% of acute myeloid leukaemias (AML) and is associated with extramedullary diffusion, multidrug resistance and poor prognosis. We describe the establishment and characterisation of a novel disseminated model of AML (AML-NS8), generated by injection into mice of leukaemic blasts freshly isolated from a patient with an aggressive CD56⁺ monoblastic AML (M5a). The model reproduced typical manifestations of this leukaemia, including presence of extramedullary masses and central nervous system involvement, and the original phenotype, karyotype and genotype of leukaemic cells were retained in vivo. Recently Polo-Like Kinase 1 (PLK1) has emerged as a new candidate drug target in AML. We therefore tested our PLK1 inhibitor NMS-P937 in this model either in the engraftment or in the established disease settings. Both schedules showed good efficacy compared to standard therapies, with a significant increase in median survival time (MST) expecially in the established disease setting (MST = 28, 36, 62 days for vehicle, cytarabine and NMS-P937, respectively). Importantly, we could also demonstrate that NMS-P937 induced specific biomarker modulation in extramedullary tissues. This new in vivo model of CD56⁺ AML that recapitulates the human tumour lends support for the therapeutic use of PLK1 inhibitors in AML.     

Evolution of glutamate dehydrogenase genes: Evidence for two paralogous protein families and unusual branching patterns of the archaebacteria in the universal tree of life

Summary The existence of two families of genes coding for hexameric glutamate dehydrogenases has been deduced from the alignment of 21 primary sequences and the determination of the percentages of similarity between each pair of proteins. Each family could also be characterized by specific motifs. One family (Family 1) was composed of gdh genes from six eubacteria and six lower eukaryotes (the primitive protozoan Giardia lamblia, the green alga Chlorella sorokiniana, and several fungi and yeasts). The other one (Family 11) was composed of gdh genes from two eubacteria, two archaebacteria, and five higher eukaryotes (vertebrates). Reconstruction of phylogenetic trees using several parsimony and distance methods confirmed the existence of these two families. Therefore, these results reinforced our previously proposed hypothesis that two close but already different gdh genes were present in the last common ancestor to the three Ur-kingdoms (eubacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes). The branching order of the different species of Family I was found to be the same whatever the method of tree reconstruction although it varied slightly according the region analyzed. Similarly, the topological positions of eubacteria and eukaryotes of Family II were independent of the method used. However, the branching of the two archaebacteria in Family II appeared to be unexpected: (1) the thermoacidophilic Sulfolobus solfataricus was found clustered with the two eubacteria of this family both in parsimony and distance trees, a situation not predicted by either one of the contradictory trees recently proposed; and (2) the branching of the halophilic Halobacterium salinarium varied according to the method of tree construction: it was closer to the eubacteria in the maximum parsimony tree and to eukaryotesin distance trees. Therefore, whatever the actual position of the halophilic species, archaebacteria did not appear to be monophyletic in these gdh gene trees. This result questions the firmness of the presently accepted interpretation of previous protein trees which were supposed to root unambiguously the universal tree of life and place the archaebacteria in this tree. Offprint requests to: B. Labedan     

Ecology of Soil Erosion in Ecosystems

Each year, about 75 billion tons of soil are eroded from the world's terrestrial ecosystems. Most agricultural land in the world is losing soil at rates ranging from 13 tons/ha/year to 40 tons/ha/year. Because soil is formed very slowly, this means that soil is being lost 13–40 times faster than the rate of renewal and sustainability. Rain and wind energy are the two prime causes of erosion from tilled or bare land. Erosion occurs when the soil lacks protective vegetative cover. Soil erosion reduces the productivity of the land by loss of water, soil organic matter, nutrients, biota, and depth of soil. The greatest threat to providing food for a rapidly growing human population is soil erosion. Abandoned, eroded agricultural land is replaced by clearing forested ecosystems. Received 17 February 1998; accepted 26 May 1998.     

Postnatal Evolution of the γ-Aminobutyric Acid/Benzodiazepine Receptor Complex in a Model of Inherited Epilepsy: The Quaking Mouse

Binding assays of [3H]muscimol and [3H]-flunitrazepam have been performed on brain homogenates of brainstem, cerebellum, and forebrain of genetically epileptic quaking (qk) mutant mice 20, 40, 70, and 90 days old and their corresponding controls of the same strain (C57BL/6J). The endogenous gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content has been determined in various brain regions of 70-day-old qk and control mice. Finally, the behavioral effects of diazepam, of the mixed GABAA/GABAB receptor agonist progabide, and of the selective GABAB receptor agonist baclofen have been assessed in adult qk mutants. Our results strongly suggest a lack of involvement of GABAergic neurotransmission in the inherited epilepsy of the qk mutant mouse.