Natural and commercial antibiotic comparison with drugs modeling cell integrity cell stability of Bio-Kinetics changes under morphological topographies cells with lower toxicological characteristics for multidrug resistances problem

Antibacterial drug-resistant strains are a serious problem of bacterial treatments nowadays and have a concern. The plant exacts of Adhatoda vasica and Calotropis procera are well-known for their role as antibiotic agents. The extraction of novel antibiotic compounds was done by HPLC-DAD, their yield is quantified by numerous solvents. The complete biological activity with antioxidants, bio-kinematicof four compounds of B-Sitosteryl linoleate, Myristyl diglucoside, D-Triglucopyranoside, and S- allylcysteine acids were studied. The supercritical fluid extraction techniques were the best strategies for higher yield, accuracy clarity, and inter, intra process of all four compounds. A. vasica and C. procera samples and investigated in six different solvents. D-Triglucopyranoside (13.81 ± 0.48%), Myristyl diglucoside (11.81 ± 0.41%), B- Sitosteryl linoleate (12.81 ± 0.48%), and s-allylcysteine acids (14.81 ± 0.31%) were higher. The design and action of compounds were applied to proper compartmental pharmacokinetic modelling for in-depth design understanding. The morphology and structure of bacterial cells with the extracted compounds upheld the permeability of cell membranes, membrane integrity, and membrane potential and lower the bacterial binding capacity the infectious index was measured in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and their alteration process. Plants have well upheld the cellular permeability The toxicity test was performed on both extracted samples with concentrations (1, 0.4, and 0.8%). The areas under plasma half-life of compounds with their solubility, abortion level were higher in four compounds showed the potential of novel antibiotics. The novel medicinal plants used as antibiotics could be the best sources of infection control as a source of future medicines with antibacterial potential solving multidrug issues of bacteria in the world.     

An acetylenic triol from Hyoseris lucida

The aerial parts of Hyoseris lucida afforded a new acetylenic triol. The structure was elucidated by spectroscopic methods and a few chemical transformations.     

A Possible Role of Aspergillus niger Mitochondrial Cytochrome c in Malachite Green Reduction Under Calcium Chloride Stress

In previous work, decolorization of malachite green (MG) was studied in Aspergillus niger in the presence and absence of calcium chloride stress. Decolorization took place within 24 h, and a signal transduction process that initiated MG decolorization was suggested to be involved. In the present study, further investigation of the relationship between calcium chloride stress and enhanced MG biodegradation was conducted at the sub-cellular level. MG-NADH reductase activity, a key enzyme in MG decolorization, was produced as decolorization commenced, and enzyme activity increased threefold upon exposure to calcium chloride. Inhibitors of cytochrome p450, Ca²⁺ channel activity as well as activity of the signaling protein phosphoinositide 3-kinase were tested. All three activities were inhibited to different extents resulting in reduced MG decolorization. Spectral analysis of the mitochondrial fraction showed a heme signal at 405 nm and A₄₀₅/A₂₈₀ ratio that is characteristic of the porphoryin ring of cytochromes. There were no peaks detected for cytochromes a or b, but a shoulder appearing at 550 nm was observed, which suggested that cytochrome c is involved; the absorbance for cytochrome c doubled after calcium chloride stress supporting this idea. MG decolorization took place via a series of demethylation steps, and cytotoxicity analysis revealed a decrease in the toxicity associated with generation of leucomalachite green.     

Cytotaxonomy of autumnal flowering species of Hyacinthaceae from Algeria

Cytotaxonomic investigations of the autumn-flowering squills, Prospero autumnale (L.) Speta ≡ Scilla autumnalis L., Prospero obtusifolium (Poir.) Speta ≡ Scilla obtusifolia Poir., Barnardia numidica (Poir.) Speta ≡ Scilla numidica Poir., and Hyacinthoides lingulata (Poir.) Rothm. ≡ Scilla lingulata Poir. were performed in 20 populations from northern Algeria located between Tipasa and La Vieille Calle. Various chromosome numbers were found, including a new cytotype, 2n = 8, for the flora of Algeria, concerning plants identified as Prospero obtusifolium (Poir.) Speta [including P. fallax (Steinh.) Speta = S. autumnalis L. ssp. fallax (Steinh.) Batt.]. The numbers 2n = 14, 28, and 42 correspond, respectively, to diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid levels of P. autumnale s.l. [including P. pulchellum (Munby) Speta ≡ Scilla pulchella Munby = S. autumnalis var. pulchella (Munby) Batt.], with x = 7. The cytotypes of Barnardia numidica (Poir.) Speta with 2n = 18 and Hyacinthoides lingulata (Poir.) Rothm. with 2n = 16 chromosomes were confirmed.     

The Synthetic Gene Designer: a flexible web platform to explore sequence manipulation for heterologous expression

"Codon optimization" is a general approach to improving heterologous expression where genes are moved from their native genomes into alternatives that exhibit different patterns of codon usage. However, despite reports of successful manipulations and the existence of stand-alone codon optimization software packages or commercial services that offer to redesign genes, the scientific community lacks any systematic understanding of what exactly it means to optimize codon usage. Thus we present a bona fide web application, the "Synthetic Gene Designer," which contrasts with existing software by providing a centralized, free, and transparent platform for the broader scientific community to develop knowledge about synthetic gene design. Consistent with this goal, our software is associated with a moderated e-forum that promotes discussion of synthetic gene design and offers technical support. In addition, the Synthetic Gene Designer presents enhanced functionality over existing software options: for example, it enables users to work with non-standard genetic codes, with user-defined patterns of codon usage and an expanded range of methods for codon optimization. The Synthetic Gene Designer, together with on-line tutorials and the forum, is available at .     

Genetic polymorphism of Algerian Leishmania infantum strains revealed by multilocus microsatellite analysis

The present study applies multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT) for studying the polymorphism among 55 strains of Leishmania infantum from Algeria. These strains from different Algerian foci representing different zymodemes, hosts and clinical forms were analysed using 14 microsatellite markers. All 55 strains had individual MLMT profiles and no relationship was observed between them and different host or geographical origins. Three populations of Algerian L. infantum were identified by a Bayesian clustering approach implemented in STRUCTURE software and supported by genetic distance analysis. Two populations, A and B, consisted mainly of strains belonging to zymodeme MON-1, and the third population, C, mainly of MON-24 strains isolated from cutaneous leishmaniasis cases. Interestingly, a small group of strains appeared as a mixture of different populations and might be putative hybrids. Genetic migration was noticed among the two MON-1 populations, A and B, as well as between populations A and C. Due to its high discriminatory power MLMT could be also successfully applied for differentiating relapses or re-infection for patients suffering from multiple episodes of visceral leishmaniasis.     

Tissue Distribution and Efficacy of Gold Nanorods Coupled with Laser Induced Photoplasmonic Therapy in Ehrlich Carcinoma Solid Tumor Model

Gold nanorods (GNR) within tumor microregions are characterized by their ability to absorb near IR light and emit heat in what is called photoplasmonic effect. Yet, the efficacy of nanoparticles is limited due to intratumoral tissue distribution reasons. In addition, distribution of GNRs to normal tissue might result in non specific toxicity. In the current study, we are assessing the intratumoral and tissue distribution of PEGylated GNRs on the top of its antitumor characteristics when given intravenously or intratumoral to solid tumor bearing mice and coupled with laser photoplasmonic sessions. PEGylated GNRs with a longitudinal size of less than 100 nm were prepared with aspect ratio of 4.6 showing strong surface plasmon absorption at wavelength 800 nm. Pharmacokinetics of GNR after single I.V. administration (0.1 mg/kg) showed very short systemic circulating time (less than 3 h). On the other hand, tissue distribution of I.V. GNR (0.1 mg/kg) to normal animals showed preferential deposition in spleen tissue. Repeated administration of I.V. GNR resulted in preferential accumulation in both liver and spleen tissues. In addition, I.V. administration of GNR to Ehrlich carcinoma tumor bearing mice resulted in similar tissue distribution; tumor accumulation and anti-tumor effect compared to intratumoral administration. In conclusion, the concentration of GNR achieved within tumors microregions after I.V. administration was comparable to I.T. administration and sufficient to elicit tumoral growth arrest when coupled with laser-aided photoplasmonic treatment.     

Two guaianolides from cichorium pumilum

The roots of Cichorium pumilum afforded two new guaianolides, 10β-hydroxyguaia-4,13-dien-6,12-olide and the corresponding 11β,13-dihydro derivative which could be separated only after transforming the methylene lactone into the corresponding pyrazoline. The structures were elucidated by 400 MHz ¹H NMR spectroscopy. The chemotaxonomic situation is discussed briefly.