基于景观尺度过程模型的长白山地表径流量时空变化特征的模拟

运用已建立的景观尺度生态系统生产力过程模型EPPML对长白山自然保护区地表径流量的季节动态和空间分布特征进行了模拟,对其与环境因子间的相互关系进行了分析．模拟结果表明,长白山自然保护区地表径流量的季节进程表现出明显的三峰型,6月和9月出现低谷,8月达最大(2．58mm·d^-1),与土壤含水量的季节变化趋势十分相似．1995年地表径流量的模拟值平均为0．203m·年^-l,空间分布随海拔升高呈现明显增加的趋势,最高为高山流砾滩(0．619m·年^-1),最低为阔叶红松林(0．081m·年^-1)．年地表径流量与叶面积指数(LAI)呈极显著负相关指数关系(R^2＝0．857)．年地表径流量与气温和总辐射呈负相关关系(R^2分别为0．965和0．836),与降水量、相对湿度和风速呈正相关关系(R^2均大于0．950),还与土壤特性密切相关。     

P-Selectin-mediated acute inflammation can be blocked by chemically modified heparin, RO-heparin

Selectins are carbohydrate-binding cell adhesion molecules that play a major role in the initiation of inflammatory responses. Heparin can bind to P-selectin, and its anti-inflammatory property is mainly due to inhibition of P-selectin. However, the strong anticoagulant activity of heparin limits its clinical use. We prepared periodate-oxidized, borohydride-reduced heparin (RO-heparin) by chemical modification and tested its anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory activities. Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) assays showed that, compared with heparin, RO-heparin had greatly reduced anticoagulant activity. Intravenous administration of this compound led to reduction in the peritoneal infiltration of neutrophils in a mouse acute inflammation model. In vitro cell adhesion experiments demonstrated that the effect of RO-heparin on inflammatory responses was mainly due to inhibiting the interaction of P-selectin with its ligands. These results indicate that RO-heparin may be a safer treatment for inflammation than heparin, especially when selectin is targeted.     

不同粪便DNA提取方法比较分析北大核心CSCD

肠道微生物群落结构和多样性与人体疾病密切相关。然而,相关群落结构分析结果可能受到DNA提取质量等实验因素影响。因此,评估不同DNA提取方法对肠道特定种属的提取效果,对于全面、准确获取人体肠道微生物谱,深入探究肠道微生物群落结构具有指导意义。本研究旨在借助实时荧光定量PCR(real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction,RT qPCR)技术,以DNA提取纯度、浓度,以及对肠道中特定种属微生物基因组DNA的提取丰度为指标,对5种DNA提取方法进行比较分析。结果表明,试剂盒Q的提取效果最佳,特别是对乳杆菌属和双歧杆菌属等革兰氏阳性菌的提取效果较好。N试剂盒的平均DNA提取浓度较Q试剂盒低,但在纯度方面,二者无显著性差异。与其他3种商用试剂盒(M、PSP、TG)相比,N方法对肠道内指定微生物基因组的提取效果仅次于Q试剂盒,位居第二。相比之下,M试剂盒提取所得DNA,质量较高,但浓度偏低,对于肠道内革兰氏阳性菌的提取效果不很理想。TG试剂盒和PSP试剂盒提取所得DNA在浓度、质量以及细菌丰度方面均不及其他验证的试剂盒。综上,Q试剂盒可作为肠道微生态研究相关实验中获取高质量基因组DNA的提取方法。本研究结果为肠道微生态研究相关实验中基因组DNA提取方法的选择提供参考依据。     

丁苯酞对缺血性脑卒中大鼠记忆能力及海马5-HT1A受体和PKA信号通路活化的影响

目的:研究丁苯酞对缺血性脑卒中大鼠学习和记忆能力的影响和大鼠海马5-HT1A受体和PKA信号通路的调控作用。方法:将雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组和丁苯酞组(n=15)。丁苯酞组大鼠建立大脑中动脉闭塞模型,并按照每天60 mg/kg的剂量灌胃丁苯酞,假手术组和模型组灌胃等体积的玉米油,共给药2周。治疗完成后对各组大鼠进行神经功能缺损评估和Morris水迷宫测试(n=15)。通过磁共振成像(MRI)检测梗塞区域(n=15)。ELISA法检测海马组织PKA激酶活性(n=6)。使用钙检测试剂盒测定海马组织的细胞内[Ca²⁺]浓度(n=6)。Western blot检测海马组织中5-羟色胺(1A)受体(5-HT1A)、谷氨酸N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体1(NMDA1)和α-氨基-3-羟基-5-甲基-4-异恶唑丙酸受体1(AMPA1)的表达(n=6)。结果:与模型组相比:丁苯酞组大鼠的逃避潜伏期显著降低,而穿越平台次数显著升高(P<0.05);大鼠的神经功能缺损评分和脑梗死体积较显著降低(P<0.05);大鼠的PKA激酶活性和细胞内[Ca²⁺]浓度显著升高(P<0.05);丁苯酞组大鼠的5-HT1A蛋白相对表达量显著降低,而AMPA1和NMDA1的磷酸化水平显著升高(P<0.05)。结论:丁苯酞可改善缺血性脑卒中大鼠的学习和记忆能力,下调海马5-HT1A受体活性并激活PKA信号通路。     

层迭灵芝子实体的体外抗肿瘤及免疫活性

【背景】层迭灵芝Ganoderma lobatum是灵芝属中的一个种,在民间有药用历史,但缺乏对其化学成分和药理活性的科学研究。【目的】以赤芝Ganoderma lingzhi子实体为参照,研究对比层迭灵芝子实体的抗肿瘤及免疫活性的强弱,探讨层迭灵芝的药用价值。【方法】采用化学分析及仪器分析的方法,比较2种灵芝子实体中三萜及多糖含量差异,并进行体外抗肿瘤及免疫活性研究。【结果】层迭灵芝和赤芝的子实体中三萜含量差异不大,分别为1.14%和1.21%,但2种灵芝中三萜化合物的种类差异较大。层迭灵芝子实体中的多糖含量较赤芝稍高,分别为3.60%和2.67%,2种子实体中多糖的重均分子量分布特征有所差别。2种灵芝醇提物对肿瘤细胞K562及SW620的增殖均具有一定的抑制活性,其中,层迭灵芝对SW620细胞具有较强的抑制活性,其IC50值达到了52.5μg/mL。2种灵芝水提物可以促进RAW 264.7细胞释放NO,说明两者均具有一定的免疫活性。【结论】层迭灵芝具有较好的抗肿瘤及免疫活性,可以作为药用开发的原料来源。     

The elucidation of the effect of ammonium chloride on pyruvate distribution and pyruvate dehydrogenase interconversion in isolated rat hepatocytes

The distribution of pyruvate between cell compartments measured in isolated hepatocytes in the presence of lactate was in agreement with delta pH across plasma and mitochondrial membranes. In isolated liver mitochondria NH4Cl decreased the transmembrane potential (delta psi) by about 14 mV, whereas no change of delta pH was observed. In the presence of lactate or alanine NH4Cl increased the mitochondrial pyruvate concentration presumably due to the inhibition of the flux through pyruvate carboxylase. In the presence of lactate or alanine changes in the amount of the active form of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDHa) were correlated with the mitochondrial pyruvate concentration, NH4Cl increased the amount of PDHa by lowering the mitochondrial ATP/ADP and NADH/NAD+ ratios.     

The HIV epidemic in China： history, response, and challenge

The first case of AIDS was reported in 1985 in China, but by the early 21st century, the government estimated that there were 840,000 citizens living with HIV/AIDS. The number is increasing rapidly. The major risk groups are injection drug users （IDUSs; 43%） and former plasma donors （27%）, but rates among heterosexual groups are rising rapidly. Sentinel surveillance was initiated in 1986, and now includes IDUs, men-who-have-sex-with-men, sexually transmitted disease clinic attendees, antenatal women, long-distance truck drivers, and sex workers. Although the government was slow to respond to the epidemic in the late 20th century, it has made a vigorous response in the early 21st century. Components of that response include implementation and evaluation of harm reduction programs for IDUs, education to increase knowledge and reduce stigma, treatment and social support for rural and poor HIV/AIDS patients, widespread testing, and increased funding for HIV/AIDS programs. International agencies have been generous in their support of the government initiatives. To successfully combat the epidemic, China needs to develop and train the necessary infrastructure to implement its intervention programs, particularly in the rural areas, to vigorously combat stigma and discrimination, support research especially in the universities and research institutions other than the China Centers for Disease Control, develop a system for efficient exchange of research and program information, and update legislation to reflect the current situation.