双斑蟋触角传入神经纤维在脑内投射分布研究

目的:研究昆虫触角感受器传入神经末梢在脑内投射的空间布局,揭示触角感觉信息传入的神经结构.方法:使用氯化镍神经元示踪标记技术,对双斑蟋触角感受嚣传入神经纤维进行可视化标记,观察研究触角传入神经末梢在脑内的走行形态及分布规律.结果:双斑蟋触角感受器传入神经纤维进入中脑后大量的神经末梢终止在同侧的触角叶和触角机械感觉运动中枢,部分神经纤维向前走行,其神经末梢终止在前脑,还有部分神经纤维向后下行,经同侧神经索,其神经末梢终止在食道下神经节.结论:双斑蟋触角感受器传入神经纤维进入脑后主要投射到触角叶和触角机械感觉运动中枢,少部分投射到前脑和食道下神经节.这种多重投射模式可能在双斑蟋嗅觉信息传递整合、触角运动调节、味觉和摄食活动等方面发挥重要作用.     

The peroxisome proliferator activated receptor δ is required for the differentiation of THP-1 monocytic cells by phorbol ester

BACKGROUND: PPARdelta (NR1C2) promotes lipid accumulation in human macrophages in vitro and has been implicated in the response of macrophages to vLDL. We have investigated the role of PPARdelta in PMA-stimulated macrophage differentiation.The THP-1 monocytic cell line which displays macrophage like differentiation in response to phorbol esters was used as a model system. We manipulated the response to PMA using a potent synthetic agonist of PPARdelta, compound F. THP-1 sub-lines that either over-expressed PPARdelta protein, or expressed PPARdelta anti-sense RNA were generated. We then explored the effects of these genetic modulations on the differentiation process. RESULTS: The PPARdelta agonist, compound F, stimulated differentiation in the presence of sub-nanomolar concentrations of phorbol ester. Several markers of differentiation were induced by compound F in a synergistic fashion with phorbol ester, including CD68 and IL8. Over-expression of PPARdelta also sensitised THP-1 cells to phorbol ester and correspondingly, inhibition of PPARdelta by anti-sense RNA completely abolished this response. CONCLUSIONS: These data collectively demonstrate that PPARdelta plays a fundamental role in mediating a subset of cellular effects of phorbol ester and supports observations from mouse knockout models that PPARdelta is involved in macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses.     

An evaluation of the effects of exogenous ethephon,an ethylene releasing compound,on photosynthesis of mustard (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica juncea</Emphasis>) cultivars that differ in photosynthetic capacity

Background  

The stimulatory effect of CO₂ on ethylene evolution in plants is known, but the extent to which ethylene controls photosynthesis is not clear. Studies on the effects of ethylene on CO₂ metabolism have shown conflicting results. Increase or inhibition of photosynthesis by ethylene has been reported. To understand the physiological processes responsible for ethylene-mediated changes in photosynthesis, stomatal and mesophyll effects on photosynthesis and ethylene biosynthesis in response to ethephon treatment in mustard (Brassica juncea) cultivars differing in photosynthetic capacity were studied.     

Evolutionary rates for tuf genes in endosymbionts of aphids

The gene encoding elongation factor Tu (tuf) in aphid endosymbionts (genus Buchnera) evolves at rates of 1.3 x 10(-10) to 2.5 x 10(-10) nonsynonymous substitutions and 3.9 x 10(-9) to 8.0 x 10(-9) synonymous substitutions per position per year. These rates, which are at present among the most reliable substitution rates for protein-coding genes of bacteria, have been obtained by calibrating the nodes in the phylogenetic tree produced from the Buchnera EF-Tu sequences using divergence times for the corresponding ancestral aphid hosts. We also present data suggesting that the rates of nonsynonymous substitutions are significantly higher in the endosymbiont lineages than in the closely related free-living bacteria Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Synonymous substitution rates for Buchnera approximate estimated mutation rates for E. coli and S. typhimurium, as expected if synonymous changes act as neutral mutations in Buchnera. We relate the observed differences in substitution frequencies to the absence of selective codon preferences in Buchnera and to the influence of Muller's ratchet on small asexual populations.      

1H-NMR spin-spin relaxation time assessment of the reflection coefficient of the Triticale seed cell wall–plasmalemma barrier to mannitol

The ¹H-NMR spin-spin relaxation time (T₂) in Triticale seeds swelling in external osmotica, polyethylene glycol 8000 or mannitol can identify both bound and free water. At the same water content, the free water spin-spin relaxation time increases for seeds imbibed with the mannitol solution, demonstrating inadequate water potential adjustment. The exchange rate of free/bound water molecules is apparently influenced by the driving force for water flow. The reciprocal lifetime of free water molecules, as a measure of water flow through the main cell barrier, was obtained. From a model of the seed as a resistance–capacitor network for water flow, a method was derived for calculating the reflection coefficient σ as a lifetime ratio of the free water molecules in seeds imbibed with two different osmotica (one penetrating across the main cell barrier and one not penetrating) at the same water potential. The ¹H-NMR method and the classical method based on volume rate changes yielded reflection coefficients for mannitol for the cell wall–plasmalemma barrier of 0.78 ± 0.08 and 0.68 ± 0.06, respectively.     

不同真菌纤维素酶一些生物化学性质的比较

比较了属于6个属,即青霉(Penicillium)、曲霉(Aspergillus)、木霉(Trichoderma)、漆斑菌(Myrothecium)、镰孢霉(Fusarium)和腐质霉(Humicola),总计9株真菌在麦麸液体培养基中所产纤维素酶的一些生物化学性质。此外,还比较了这9株真菌在麦麸固体培养基上所产纤维素酶的活力以及对脱脂棉、水曲柳木屑、水曲柳木粉、废报纸和玉米芯糠醛废渣的糖化能力。     

低剂量UV-B辐射对乌拉尔甘草叶片光合机构的影响

为了探讨植物叶片对UV-B辐射增强的响应机制,采用叶绿素荧光测定技术,分别测定在人工模拟低剂量UV-B(2.4μW/cm~2)辐射条件下乌拉尔甘草叶片的叶绿素荧光诱导动力曲线、初始荧光(F_0)、最大荧光(F_m)、光合机构比活性参数(ABS/RC、TR_o/RC和ET_o/RC)和性能指数等变化规律。结果表明:(1)低剂量UV-B辐射未引起甘草叶片O-J-I-P叶绿素荧光诱导曲线中的相数发生改变,UV-B辐射对PSⅡ的影响主要发生在其受体侧,而非供体侧;(2)低剂量UV-B辐射引起了甘草叶片光合系统F_v/F_m以及F_m、F_0的明显变化,同时也影响了光合机构的开放程度和电子从Q_A向Q_B传递效率,从而影响了光转化效率;相应性能指数(PI_(abs)和PI_(total))的改变亦验证了此结果。研究认为,低剂量UV-B辐射抑制乌拉尔甘草叶片光合系统Ⅱ受体侧Q_A至PQ之间的电子传递效率,从而影响了Q_A之后的光化学反应及非光化学反应。     

猪蛔虫生长发育与繁殖力的研究

经对猪蛔虫雌虫体长,体重,子宫瞬间怀卵总量,相对毓力测定,发现怀卵总量与体长,体重有密切关系,呈正相关,还发现相对繁殖力,以体重１．０１－３．００ｇ,范围最佳,繁殖能力最强。     

珍稀濒危植物蒙古扁桃花生物学特性

蒙古扁桃的植株可分为长花丝植株、短花丝植株和中花丝植株。群落花期约50d,单花花期约8d,分为露粉、微开、盛开、凋谢4个时期。过氧化物法测定4个时期花粉均具活力,可保持30d左右,联苯胺-过氧化氢测定柱头可授性,花粉活力与柱头可授性重叠,长花丝植株为8d左右,而中花丝约为5d。蒙古扁桃花一般在9:00开始泌蜜,11:00分泌量达到高峰,之后产蜜量减少直至停止,日泌蜜和散粉集中在10:00～14:00。蒙古扁桃开花受环境的影响。     

内蒙古阿鲁科尔沁国家级自然保护区景观动态及保护成效

快速评估自然保护区的保护成效,对科学地制定管理决策具有重要意义.本文通过遥感解译进行景观分类和景观动态变化分析,使用保护性景观质量指数、人工景观干扰指数和景观保护成效综合指数等开展内蒙古阿鲁科尔沁国家级自然保护区2004—2014年的保护成效研究.结果表明: 2004—2014年,该自然保护区内自然景观所占比例由92.2%增加到92.8%,天然草地和灌木林面积显著增加,但湖泊、河流快速减少;景观格局变化较大,主要景观类型面积转出率和转入率高,景观转类指数为0.33.自然保护区内各功能区的保护性景观及其占比均明显增加,保护性景观质量指数由24.37增长为25.36,景观质量得到提升.各功能区均存在不同程度的人工干扰,人工干扰景观面积增大;2004和2014年人工景观干扰指数分别为-0.79和-0.96,人工干扰强度变大.研究期间,内蒙古阿鲁科尔沁自然保护区的景观保护成效综合指数为3.5%,其景观保护成效达到“很好”,野生动植物生境趋于好转.