低剂量UV-B辐射对乌拉尔甘草叶片光合机构的影响

为了探讨植物叶片对UV-B辐射增强的响应机制,采用叶绿素荧光测定技术,分别测定在人工模拟低剂量UV-B(2.4μW/cm~2)辐射条件下乌拉尔甘草叶片的叶绿素荧光诱导动力曲线、初始荧光(F_0)、最大荧光(F_m)、光合机构比活性参数(ABS/RC、TR_o/RC和ET_o/RC)和性能指数等变化规律。结果表明:(1)低剂量UV-B辐射未引起甘草叶片O-J-I-P叶绿素荧光诱导曲线中的相数发生改变,UV-B辐射对PSⅡ的影响主要发生在其受体侧,而非供体侧;(2)低剂量UV-B辐射引起了甘草叶片光合系统F_v/F_m以及F_m、F_0的明显变化,同时也影响了光合机构的开放程度和电子从Q_A向Q_B传递效率,从而影响了光转化效率;相应性能指数(PI_(abs)和PI_(total))的改变亦验证了此结果。研究认为,低剂量UV-B辐射抑制乌拉尔甘草叶片光合系统Ⅱ受体侧Q_A至PQ之间的电子传递效率,从而影响了Q_A之后的光化学反应及非光化学反应。     

Cloning of region-specific genetic markers of planaria using a new method--ordered differential display

A new method for finding differentially expressed genes, termed ordered differential display of mRNAs (ODD), was used in the search for region-specific molecular markers of freshwater planarian Dugesia tigrina. In this method, the effect of selective suppression of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used for the differential amplification of a pool of 3'-terminal cDNA fragments generated by digestion of cDNAs with a restriction endonuclease. In the resulting amplified cDNAs, every mRNA is represented by a cDNA fragment whose length is determined by the position of the restriction site nearest to the 3'-terminus. Subsequent PCR with primers 3'-extended by two random nucleotides allowed the amplification of 1/192 part of all cDNA molecules present in the sample. The comparison of the generated pools of cDNA molecules separated by PAGE leads to the identification of differentially expressed sequences. The systematic study of the total mRNA pool is achieved by the successive use of all possible combinations of extended primers. Some sequences preferentially expressed along the anterior-posterior axis of planarian were identified using ODD.     

Evolutionary rates for tuf genes in endosymbionts of aphids

The gene encoding elongation factor Tu (tuf) in aphid endosymbionts (genus Buchnera) evolves at rates of 1.3 x 10(-10) to 2.5 x 10(-10) nonsynonymous substitutions and 3.9 x 10(-9) to 8.0 x 10(-9) synonymous substitutions per position per year. These rates, which are at present among the most reliable substitution rates for protein-coding genes of bacteria, have been obtained by calibrating the nodes in the phylogenetic tree produced from the Buchnera EF-Tu sequences using divergence times for the corresponding ancestral aphid hosts. We also present data suggesting that the rates of nonsynonymous substitutions are significantly higher in the endosymbiont lineages than in the closely related free-living bacteria Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Synonymous substitution rates for Buchnera approximate estimated mutation rates for E. coli and S. typhimurium, as expected if synonymous changes act as neutral mutations in Buchnera. We relate the observed differences in substitution frequencies to the absence of selective codon preferences in Buchnera and to the influence of Muller's ratchet on small asexual populations.      

不同真菌纤维素酶一些生物化学性质的比较

比较了属于6个属,即青霉(Penicillium)、曲霉(Aspergillus)、木霉(Trichoderma)、漆斑菌(Myrothecium)、镰孢霉(Fusarium)和腐质霉(Humicola),总计9株真菌在麦麸液体培养基中所产纤维素酶的一些生物化学性质。此外,还比较了这9株真菌在麦麸固体培养基上所产纤维素酶的活力以及对脱脂棉、水曲柳木屑、水曲柳木粉、废报纸和玉米芯糠醛废渣的糖化能力。     

1H-NMR spin-spin relaxation time assessment of the reflection coefficient of the Triticale seed cell wall–plasmalemma barrier to mannitol

The ¹H-NMR spin-spin relaxation time (T₂) in Triticale seeds swelling in external osmotica, polyethylene glycol 8000 or mannitol can identify both bound and free water. At the same water content, the free water spin-spin relaxation time increases for seeds imbibed with the mannitol solution, demonstrating inadequate water potential adjustment. The exchange rate of free/bound water molecules is apparently influenced by the driving force for water flow. The reciprocal lifetime of free water molecules, as a measure of water flow through the main cell barrier, was obtained. From a model of the seed as a resistance–capacitor network for water flow, a method was derived for calculating the reflection coefficient σ as a lifetime ratio of the free water molecules in seeds imbibed with two different osmotica (one penetrating across the main cell barrier and one not penetrating) at the same water potential. The ¹H-NMR method and the classical method based on volume rate changes yielded reflection coefficients for mannitol for the cell wall–plasmalemma barrier of 0.78 ± 0.08 and 0.68 ± 0.06, respectively.     

白藜芦醇通过糖代谢重编程抑制DEN诱导大鼠肝细胞癌前阶段的恶性增殖

白藜芦醇(resveratrol,RES)可抑制肝癌细胞的生长与增殖。但其在癌前阶段的作用尚不十分清楚。本文研究白藜芦醇对二乙基亚硝胺(diethylinitrosamine, DEN)诱导大鼠肝癌前阶段的作用及机制。SD大鼠分为正常对照组、RES处理组、DEN处理组和RES-DEN处理组。研究结果表明,DEN处理大鼠8周时,肝细胞的总增殖细胞核抗原(proliferating cell nuclear antigen,PCNA)升高至2倍(P<0.05),核内PCNA蛋白表达水平升高至3倍(P<0.001),而RES-DEN处理组大鼠肝细胞总PCNA(P<0.05)和核内PCNA蛋白表达水平(P<0.001)降低。结果提示,RES可显著抑制肝细胞恶性增生。通过非靶向代谢物组学及代谢通路富集分析,结果表明,RES-DEN处理大鼠的肝细胞中,虽然磷酸戊糖途径向糖酵解途径的转变增强,但相较于DEN组大鼠,糖酵解水平并未出现显著提高,提示磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸-丙酮酸-乳酸这条代谢途径被抑制。进一步验证发现,这条代谢途径上的关键酶M2型丙酮酸激酶(M2-type pyruvate kinase,PKM2)和乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDHA)蛋白质表达水平被抑制(P<0.05)。RES可通过调节糖代谢重编程,在肝癌的癌前阶段抑制DEN诱导的大鼠肝细胞的过度增殖,为RES预防肝癌提供了实验依据。     

珍稀濒危植物蒙古扁桃花生物学特性

蒙古扁桃的植株可分为长花丝植株、短花丝植株和中花丝植株。群落花期约50d,单花花期约8d,分为露粉、微开、盛开、凋谢4个时期。过氧化物法测定4个时期花粉均具活力,可保持30d左右,联苯胺-过氧化氢测定柱头可授性,花粉活力与柱头可授性重叠,长花丝植株为8d左右,而中花丝约为5d。蒙古扁桃花一般在9:00开始泌蜜,11:00分泌量达到高峰,之后产蜜量减少直至停止,日泌蜜和散粉集中在10:00～14:00。蒙古扁桃开花受环境的影响。     

果胶酶制剂中花色素酶的去除

以皂土为吸附剂,将花色素酶从粗果胶酶制剂中除去。分离效果受pH和皂土用量影响。皂土还具有一定的脱色作用。黑曲霉AS3.316麦麸固体曲用5倍重量的自来水于室温下抽提4小时。粗果胶酶拙提液中加入3％皂土,调pH至4.1,于室温下放置30分钟。过滤所得部分提纯酶液含果胶酶258u/ml,酶活力回收为88％。 100ml山楂汁和387u(1.5ml)上述部分提纯的果胶酶于50℃保温3小时后,澄清度由65％提高到98％;相对粘度由12.5下降到1.2;果胶完全水解;红色素完全保留着。     

黄河流域棉区转Bt基因棉种植对根际土壤微生物数量及细菌多样性的影响

采用传统培养与PCR-DGGE相结合的方法研究了黄河流域棉区4个省份种植的转Bt基因棉在4个生长时期（播种后第30天、第60天、第90天和第120天）的根际土壤微生物数量及细菌多样性.结果表明：同一省份同一生长时期转Bt基因棉根际土壤微生物数量与常规棉相比均无显著差异,其数量主要受不同生长时期影响,而不同省份间主要受地域条件的影响.4个省份转Bt基因棉根际土壤细菌多样性较丰富,同一省份同一生长时期内转Bt基因棉与常规棉根际土壤细菌多样性指数、均匀度和丰富度均无显著差异.不同省份间细菌多样性主要因地域条件而有所不同,但差异较小.     

1954—2005年中国北方针叶林分布区的气候变化特征

基于中国北方针叶林(兴安落叶松林)分布区8个气象观测站的气象资料,分析了1954—2005年气温和降水的变化特征.结果表明：研究期间,中国北方针叶林分布区的气温以0.38 ℃·(10 a)^-1的速度上升,远大于全球近50年来0.13 ℃·(10 a)^-1的平均增温速率.尽管夏、秋季的气温呈上升趋势,但不显著;而冬、春季的增温显著(P<0.01);最高年平均气温(0.37 ℃·(10 a)^-1)与最低年平均气温(0.54 ℃·(10 a)^-1)均呈极显著的增加趋势(P<0.01).降水量年际间波动较大,但没有明显的变化趋势;各季节降水量也没有明显的变化规律,其中春、秋、冬季的降水日数有增加趋势,但没有达到显著水平,而夏季的降水日数呈显著减少趋势(P<0.05);各季降水强度均呈增加趋势,其中夏季(P<0.05)和冬季(P<0.01)的变化达到了显著水平.