Sensitization of mice with wild-type and cold-adapted influenza virus variants: immune response to two H1N1 and H3N2 viruses

Two A strain influenza viruses, A/Hong Kong/123/77 (A/HK/123/77) (H1N1) and A/Queensland/6/72 (A/Qld/6/72) (H3N2), and the two cold-adapted reassortants which possess the surface antigens of these strains (CR35 and CR6, respectively) were tested for their ability both to induce primary cytotoxic T-cell (Tc cell) responses in mice and to sensitize mice for a second Tc cell response when challenged with a distantly related A strain virus, A/Shearwater/72 (H6N5). After intranasal inoculation, A/Qld/6/72 replicated to higher titers in the lung (1 to 2 log10 50% egg infective doses) than did A/HK/123/77 or either of the reassortants. A/Qld/6/72 induced higher Tc cell responses in the lung than did CR6, and both were more effective than either A/HK/123/77 or CR35 in this respect. When similar doses (10 or 10(3) hemagglutinin units) of each virus were injected intravenously into mice and the spleens were tested for Tc cell activity 6 days later, both A/Qld/6/72 and CR6 were ca. 100-fold better at inducing a primary Tc cell response than A/HK/123/77 or CR35. In contrast, the H1N1 and H3N2 viruses gave rather similar anti-hemagglutinin antibody titers (after intravenous injection) and delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions (after subcutaneous injection). If mice were primed with a low dose of these viruses (10(4) 50% egg infective doses intranasally), A/Qld/6/72 and CR6 were more effective than A/HK/123/77 or CR35 at sensitizing for a secondary Tc cell response when challenged with A/Shearwater/72, but if larger doses were given either intranasally (10(6) 50% egg infective doses) or intravenously (10 to 10(3) hemagglutinin units), all viruses sensitized the mice equally well, despite the fact the A/Shearwater/72 gives a poor primary Tc cell response in mice. Thus, the viral glycoprotein antigens can be important in determining the immunogenicity of the virus and, particularly, the class I antigen-restricted Tc cell response of the host.     

Interrelation of the changes in the blood rheological properties and the microcirculatory disorders in the early and late stages of experimental hyperlipoproteinemia

Experiments were made on rabbit fed an atherogenic diet (0.5 g/kg cholesterol) singly for 15 and 24 h and repeatedly for 3, 9 and 30 days. At early stages of lipid metabolism distress the interrelationship was established between blood rheological disorders and microcirculatory abnormalities. The dependence of the initial reaction of some rheological characteristics on their initial level was marked.     

Membrane chloride transport measured using a chloride-sensitive fluorescent probe

Transport of chloride across cell membranes through exchange, cotransport, or conductive pathways is a subject of great biological importance. Current methods of measurement are restricted in their sensitivity, time resolution, and applicability. A new transport measurement technique has been developed on the basis of the fluorescence quenching by chloride of the dye 6-methoxy-N-(3-sulfopropyl)quinolinium (SPQ). SPQ fluorescence quenching by chloride is rapid (less than 1 ms) and sensitive, with a greater than 50% decrease in fluorescence at 10 mM chloride. SPQ fluorescence is not altered by other physiological anions or by pH and can be used to measure both neutral and conductive transport processes. The high water solubility and membrane permeability properties of SPQ make it ideal for use in both membrane vesicles and cells. Chloride transport determined with SPQ was validated by measurement of erythrocyte chloride/anion exchange and membrane vesicle chloride conductance.     

Cat satellite DNA. Isolation using netropsin with CsCl gradients

The absence of centromeric bands in the karyotype of Felis catus is confirmed. It is also confirmed that no satellite band is visible in CsCl density gradients. However, a satellite is observed both by recentrifuging the fraction of the DNA that bands at high density in CsCl and by using netropsin to enhance the resolution of a CsCl gradient containing total F. catus DNA. The satellite, about 0.5% of total DNA, was isolated by repeated centrifugation in CsCl alone and in CsCl with netropsin. Netropsin was removed and a pure satellite DNA obtained. The reassociation kinetics (C0t1/2 less than 10(-3) M . s) show that the satellite is of the simple sequence type and hence a candidate for centromeric heterochromatin. Its cytological localisation awaits in situ hybridisation experiments.     

Aggregation of tobacco mosaic virus by sodium chondroitin sulfate

The precipitation of tobacco mosaic virus by sodium chondroitin sulfate in an aqueous solution was investigated kinetically by means of turbidimetry. The virus solution became turbid after the addition of chondroitin sulfate. A threshold concentration of chondroitin, 1.33 mg/ml, was required for virus precipitation, irrespective of the virus concentration. The precipitation resulted from a mutual spatial exclusion phenomenon, leading to the separation of the virus as a crystalline phase. The dimension of chondroitin sulfate calculated at the threshold concentration agreed well with that obtained by other methods. The initial slopes and the aggregation half-times of the virus aggregates depended on both chondroitin and virus concentrations and the former increased with the increase in concentration of each. Above the threshold concentration of chondroitin sulfate, tobacco mosaic virus aggregation was a rapid-aggregation process and ended within 100 sec.     

The position of the epistatic S locus in the halothane linkage group in pigs

The linkage of the Phi, Pgd, Po2, S, H and halothane sensitivity loci was followed in a Belgian Landrace family, heterozygous for these systems over 6 generations. Recombination next to the S locus occurred mainly in pigs belonging to this particular family. From this investigation the position of the S locus is proved to be outwith the Phi-Pgd region, next to Phi . Therefore the gene sequence S - Phi - Hal -H- Po2 -Pgd is proposed. Higher recombination rates were observed in the female parental line of the multiheterozygous family when compared to the male parental line. Additional data from animals, unrelated to this strain, confirm the evidence of close linkage of the S system to the nearest marker loci.     

Modulation of ornithine decarboxylase activity in the normal and regenerating rat liver by different doses of hydra peptide morphogen

The authors studied the anabolic effect of peptide morphogen of the hydra undecapeptide on normal and regenerating rat liver. Ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17) activity served as a marker. Intraperitoneal injection of the peptide into intact animals stimulated ornithine decarboxylase activity in a dose-dependent manner. In partially hepatectomized rats the peptide stimulated ornithine decarboxylase activity in the dose of 20 micrograms/kg body weight while greater doses inhibited the enzyme activity.     

Monosomy 21: a new case confirmed by in situ hybridization

Summary A new case of total monosomy 21 in a newborn is described. The diagnosis was first made using the cytogenetic data; it was then confirmed by the dosage of copper-superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) which showed a 50% decrease. In situ hybridization with a probe previously assigned to chromosome 21 was used to rule out the possibility of a partial monosomy with an unbalanced reciprocal translocation.