Vacuum ultraviolet circular dichroism of poly(galacturonic acid), sodium polygalacturonate and calcium polygalacturonate

Vacuum ultraviolet circular dichroism spectra are reported for poly(galacturonic acid) solution and film, sodium polygalacturonate solution and film, and calcium polygalacturonate gel. In addition to the positive c.d. band near 208 nm previously observed, we find a pair of higher energy bands at 170 180 nm (negative) and 145 nm (positive). The low energy band, assigned to an $\text{n-π}{}^1$ carboxyl transition, is blue-shifted upon gelation or film formation.     

Female education, age, parity, and reproduction cessation in Ghana.

Data from the 1988 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey is employed to determine the existence of a relationship between the amount of education a woman has and her intent to cease childbearing. The findings are that with increasing levels of education, a female's desire to cease reproduction also increases. However, this relationship is obscured if parity is not controlled.     

Adsorption from fetal calf serum of collagen-like proteins which bind fibronectin and promote cell attachment

Baby hamster kidney cells were seeded onto Western blots of fetal serum proteins which had been extracted from several foreign surfaces. This revealed that the major cell adhesive proteins adsorbed onto these surfaces from fetal serum were (1) fibronectin of Mr 220,000 Da and (2) vitronectin of Mr 65,000 and 78,000 Da. Two minor bands of cell attachment were observed at Mr 153,000 and Mr 134,000 Da in the fetal serum proteins extracted from heparin-agarose and serotonin-agarose. However, by exposing the Western blots of separated proteins to a second round of serum proteins, prior to cell blotting, very strong cell adhesive bands were revealed at Mr 153,000, 134,000, and 120,000 Da. By (i) modifying the composition of the serum proteins used to treat the Western blots, (ii) using specific antibodies to fibronectin, and (iii) using radiolabeled fibronectin, it was conclusively demonstrated that the new cell adhesive bands owed their increased cell attachment activity to secondary binding of fibronectin. The new bands were shown (i) to be trypsin sensitive and collagenase sensitive and therefore to be collagen-like proteins and (ii) to react negatively in immunoblots using anti-fibronectin, anti-vitronectin, anti-fibrinogen, anti-fetuin or anti-thrombospondin. In SDS-PAGE (i) the Mr 120,000-Da protein comigrated with the alpha 2-chain of Type I collagen, (ii) the Mr 134,000-Da protein comigrated with the alpha 1-chain of Type I collagen, and (iii) the Mr 153,000-Da protein comigrated with the pN-alpha 1-chain of Type III collagen. Since the novel collagen-like proteins acted as strong sites of cell attachment on nitrocellulose blots by binding fibronectin, they might well promote cell attachment on the foreign surfaces from which they were extracted.     

Dark starvation and chloroplast function

Summary Mature spinach plants were held in the dark for several days. The photochemical activities and the activity of some enzymes related to NADP reduction were follwed in the chloroplasts isolated from leaves after dark starvation. Photosystem-II, measured by reduction of DPIP, remained stable during 6 days of darkening. The decrease of NADP reduction which appeared after 2 days of starvation was found to be due to protein autolysis rather than inactivation of the photosystems. The stability of photosystem-I was demonstrated by reactivation of NADP reduction after addition of purified ferredoxin and ferredoxin-NADP-reductase. After 4 days of starvation the restoration of the NADP reduction required in addition another, low-molecular-weight factor. From the isolation procedure and from its properties this factor is assumed to be identical with FRS. However, even in the presence of FRS only half of the total activity is restored after 7 days. The activity of the NADP-reducing system is restored in vivo when plants kept for 7 days in the dark are again illuminated.Abbreviations NADP nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide phosphate - DPIP 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol - DCMU (3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea - FRS ferredoxin-reducing-substance     

Fine mapping of the chicken salmonellosis resistance locus (SAL1)

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a Gram-negative bacterium that has a significant impact on both human and animal health. It is one of the most common food-borne pathogens responsible for a self-limiting gastroenteritis in humans and a similar disease in pigs, cattle and chickens. In contrast, intravenous challenge with S. Typhimurium provides a valuable model for systemic infection, often causing a typhoid-like infection, with bacterial replication resulting in the destruction of the spleen and liver of infected animals. Resistance to systemic salmonellosis in chickens is partly genetically determined, with bacterial numbers at systemic sites in resistant lines being up to 1000-fold fewer than in susceptible lines. Identification of genes contributing to disease resistance will enable genetic selection of resistant lines that will reduce Salmonella levels in poultry flocks. We previously identified a novel resistance locus on Chromosome 5, designated SAL1 . Through the availability of high-density SNP panels in the chicken, combined with advanced back-crossing of the resistant and susceptible lines, we sought to refine the SAL1 locus and identify potential positional candidate genes. Using a 6^th generation backcross mapping population, we have confirmed and refined the SAL1 locus as lying between 54.0 and 54.8 Mb on the long arm of Chromosome 5 ( F  = 8.72, P  = 0.00475). This region spans 14 genes, including two very striking functional candidates; CD27-binding protein ( Siva ) and the RAC -alpha serine/threonine protein kinase homolog , AKT1 ( protein kinase B , PKB ).