Directed evolution and targeted mutagenesis to murinize <Emphasis Type="Italic">listeria monocytogenes</Emphasis> internalin A for enhanced infectivity in the murine oral infection model

Background  

Internalin A (InlA) is a critical virulence factor which mediates the initiation of Listeria monocytogenes infection by the oral route in permissive hosts. The interaction of InlA with the host cell ligand E-cadherin efficiently stimulates L. monocytogenes entry into human enterocytes, but has only a limited interaction with murine cells.     

High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and anti-HMGB1 antibodies and their relation to disease characteristics in systemic lupus erythematosus

Introduction  

High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) is a nuclear non-histone protein. HMGB1, which is secreted by inflammatory cells and passively released from apoptotic and necrotic cells, may act as a pro-inflammatory mediator. As apoptotic cells accumulate in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), HMGB1 levels might be increased in SLE. HMGB1 may also serve as an autoantigen, leading to the production of anti-HMGB1 antibodies. In this study we determined levels of HMGB1 and anti-HMGB1 in SLE patients in comparison to healthy controls (HC) and analysed their relation with disease activity.     

Partitioning of Soluble Calcium in the Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Martius) Solms) in Lake Victoria,Uganda

Abstract: An investigation of soluble calcium partitioning in organs of the water hyacinth growing along the shores of L. Victoria, bordering Jinja town was carried out. The levels of Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ in the lake water were also estimated. The pH and electrical conductivity of lake water were determined. There was a differential accumulation of Ca and oxalate between component organs of the water hyacinth. The concentration of oxalate in the various organs was more than twice that of Ca. Soluble Ca decreased with age in all organs except the leaf, while oxalate increased with age in all organs except the rhizome. There were site variations in the partitioning of both Ca and oxalate in the water hyacinth.