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HCC ligation: rapid and specific DNA construction with blunt ended DNA fragments. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1 下载免费PDF全文
J A Murray 《Nucleic acids research》1986,14(24):10118
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Neuron differentiation and axon growth in the developing wing of Drosophila melanogaster 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Sensory neurons in the wing of Drosophila originate locally from epithelial cells and send their axons toward the base of the wing in two major bundles, the L1 and L3 nerves. We have estimated the birth times of a number of identified wing sensory neurons using an X-irradiation technique and have followed the appearance of their somata and axons by means of an immunohistochemical stain. These cells become immunoreactive and begin axon growth in a sequence which mirrors the sequence of their birth times. The earliest ones are born before pupariation and begin axonogenesis within 1 to 2 hr after the onset of metamorphosis; the last are born and differentiate some 12 to 14 hr later. The L1 and L3 nerves are formed in sections, with specific neurons pioneering defined stretches of the pathways during the period between 0 and 4 hr after pupariation (AP), and finally joining together around 12 hr AP. By 16 hr AP the adult complement of neurons is present and the adult peripheral nerve pattern has been established. Pathway establishment appears to be specified by multiple cues. In places where neurons differentiate in close proximity to one another, random filopodial exploration followed by axon growth to a neighboring neuron soma might be the major factor leading to pathway construction. In other locations, filopodial contact between neighboring somata does not appear to occur, and axon pathways joining neural neighbors by the most direct route are not established. We propose that in these cases additional factors, including veins which are already present at the time of axonogenesis, influence the growth of axons through non-neural tissues. 相似文献
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Andrew W. Saxe Ji-Won Yoon Phillip Gorden Murray F. Brennan 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》1982,18(10):884-890
Summary Dispersed cells from both fresh and cryopreserved human insulinoma have been maintained in cell culture. Initial yield of
viable cells was 50% for fresh and 25% for cryopreserved tissue. Viability of cells in culture was documented by increasing
numbers of cells (doubling time approximately 5 d initially and 2 d at the sixth subculture for both fresh and cryopreserved
tissue) and continued release of insulin over time (approximately 100 ng/ml per 105 cells at 10 d and 175 ng/ml per 105 cells at 30 d of culture for both fresh and cryopreserved tissue). Evidence that cells growing in culture were beta cells
was provided by: (a) recovery of intracellular and extracellular immunoreactive insulin (IRI), (b) electron microscopic morphology,
and (c) immunohistochemical staining. Cells from fresh insulinoma incubated with increasing concentrations of extracellular
glucose released increasing amounts of IRI up to approximately 15 mM glucose, which paralleled changes in plasma insulin obtained during a preoperative glucose tolerance test.
Under an Intergovernmental Personnel Act Exchange from the Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento
Medical Center. 相似文献
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G Murray Jones 《BMJ (Clinical research ed.)》1981,283(6303):1406-1407
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K Murray S Stahl P G Ashton-Rickardt 《Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences》1989,324(1224):461-476
The simplest application of the modern genetic manipulation methods to vaccine development is the expression in microbial cells of genes from pathogens that encode surface antigens capable of inducing neutralizing antibodies in the host of the pathogen involved. This procedure has been exploited successfully for development of a vaccine against hepatitis B virus (HBV) that is now widely used. Similar approaches have been directed towards formulations for immunization against several other animal and human diseases and some of these preparations are now presently in trials. Of no less importance is the impact of biotechnology in providing reagents for fundamental studies of topics such as the determination of virulence, antigenic variation, virus receptors and the immunological response to viral antigens. The core antigen of HBV is a good example of a product of genetic engineering that is a valuable diagnostic reagent, and that is finding important use in immunological studies of particular pertinence to vaccine development. 相似文献
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Current MR methods use T2? relaxation time as a surrogate measure of ligament strength. Currently, a multi-echo voxel-wise least squares fit is the gold standard to create T2? maps; however, the post-processing is time-intensive and serves as a stopgap for clinical use. The study objective was to determine if an alternative method could improve post-processing time without sacrificing fidelity of T2? values for eventual translational use in the clinic. Using a 6 echo FLASH sequence, three different methods were used to determine intact posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) median T2? Two of these methods utilized a voxel-wise method to establish T2? maps: (1) a current “gold standard” method using a voxel-wise 6 echo least-squares fit (6LS) and (2) a voxel-wise 2 echo point T2? determination (2MM). The third method used median ligament signal intensity and a single nonlinear least-squares fit (6LSROI) instead of a voxel-wise basis. The resulting median T2? values of the PCL and computational time were compared. The median T2? values were 42% higher using the 2MM compared to the 6LS method (p<0.0001). However, a strong correlation was found for the median T2? values between the 2MM and 6LS methods (R2=0.80). The median T2? values were not significantly different between the 6LS and 6LSROI methods (p=0.519). Using the 2MM (which provides a regional map) and the 6LSROI (which efficiently provides the median T2? value) methods in tandem would take only minutes of post-processing computational time compared to the 6LS method (~540 min), and hence would facilitate clinical application of T2? maps to predict ligament structural properties as a patient outcome measure. 相似文献