Genetic differentiation between clone collections and natural populations of European black poplar (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus nigra</Emphasis> L.) in turkey

The European black poplar (Populus nigra L.) is an ecologically and economically important tree species for Turkey. The important and major genetic resources of species for future breeding and ex situ conservation purposes have been archived in a clone bank in Ankara by selecting clones from natural populations and old plantations throughout Turkey. There is no study to date assessing genetic composition these materials. Two-hundred-thirty-three P. nigra clones from six geographic region of Turkey (clone collection populations), and 32 trees from two natural populations (Tunceli and Melet) were genotyped by using 12 nuclear microsatellite DNA markers. There were nine clones which duplicated in various frequencies. The analysis carried out with removal of the duplicated clones revealed a moderately high genetic diversity in studied populations. The observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.59 in Tunceli natural to 0.69 in Central Anatolia clone collection populations. In general, there was excess of heterozygosity in the studied populations. Populations composed of clone collections were significantly differentiated from natural populations (F _ST = 0.17), while there was little differentiation among those populations in the clone collection (F _ST = 0.03). Two distantly located natural populations with small sizes also differed from each other (F _ST = 0.17). Genetic structure analysis revealed two distinct groups (clone collection vs natural populations) with very high membership values (>92%). Clone collection populations had high level of admixture while natural populations had homogenous genetic structure. The presence of large number of clonal duplication, reduced genetic differentiation, and high level of admixture in clone collection populations indicate that genetic resources of European black poplar were highly degraded through genetic erosion and pollution caused by intensive cultural practices and extensive dispersal of clonal materials. To understand genetic diversity and its structural pattern thoroughly in the six clone collection populations, a further study with extensive and systematic sampling of European black poplar populations in major river ecosystems in Turkey will be useful.     

Extreme Selection Unifies Evolutionary Game Dynamics in Finite and Infinite Populations

We show that when selection is extreme—the fittest strategy always reproduces or is imitated—the unequivalence between the possible evolutionary game scenarios in finite and infinite populations resolves, in the sense that the three generic outcomes—dominance, coexistence, and mutual exclusion—emerge in well-mixed populations of any size. We consider the simplest setting of a 2-player-2-strategy symmetric game and the two most common microscopic definitions of strategy spreading—the frequency-dependent Moran process and the imitation process by pairwise comparison—both in the case allowing any intensity of selection. We show that of the seven different invasion and fixation scenarios that are generically possible in finite populations—fixation being more or less likely to occur and rapid compared to the neutral game—the three that are possible in large populations are the same three that occur for sufficiently strong selection: (1) invasion and fast fixation of one strategy; (2) mutual invasion and slow fixation of one strategy; (3) no invasion and no fixation. Moreover (and interestingly), in the limit of extreme selection 2 becomes mutual invasion and no fixation, a case not possible for finite intensity of selection that better corresponds to the deterministic case of coexistence. In the extreme selection limit, we also derive the large population deterministic limit of the two considered stochastic processes.     

Analysis of soluble factors in conditioned media derived from primary cultures of cirrhotic liver of biliary atresia

Biliary atresia (BA) is a rare and serious liver disease in newborn infants. Previously, we reported that non-parenchymal cell (NPC) fractions from cirrhotic liver of BA may contain hepatic stem/progenitor cells in primary culture of NPC fractions. In this study, NPC fractions were subjected to primary or passage culture and found that clusters of hepatocyte-like cells appear even without adding hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) to the culture medium, but not in their passage culture used as a control. Based on these findings, conditioned media (CMs) were collected and soluble factors in the CMs were analyzed in order to elucidate the mechanism of the appearance of hepatocyte-like cells or their clusters. A large amount of active HGF consisting of α and β chains was detected in CMs derived from primary culture, but not in CMs from passage culture, as determined by western blot analysis, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-4, oncostatin M (OSM), and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 were not detected in any of the CMs. The number of hepatocyte-like cells in primary culture tended to decrease following treatment with the HGF receptor c-Met inhibitor, SU11274 in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the clusters of hepatocyte-like cells tended to increase in size and number when freshly isolated NPC fractions were cultured in the presence of 10% of CMs collected after 3–4 wk of primary culture. In conclusion, these findings indicate that CMs derived from primary culture of NPC fractions of BA liver contain a large amount of active HGF, which may activate hepatic stem/progenitor cells and promote the appearance of hepatocyte-like cells or their clusters through HGF/c-Met signaling. The present study would lead to cell therapy using the patient’s own cells for the treatment of BA.     

Cryopreservation of fruit germplasm

Most temperate fruit species are genetically heterozygous and vegetatively propagated. Active collections of fruit genetic resources in Germany are generally maintained in the field, e.g., as potted plants for Fragaria and as trees for pome and stone fruit species. The plant material in active collections should be kept in duplicate to ensure security in case of disease or environmental disaster. The aim of this study was to develop an efficient complementary conservation strategy for fruit genetic resources. Although costly, fruit tree cultivars can be duplicated as field collections at a second site within the framework of the German Fruit Genebank, which is a decentralized fruit-specific network. Wild species accessions, particularly those of the genera Malus spp. (apple) and Fragaria spp. (strawberry) as well as strawberry cultivars, can also be duplicated by means of cryopreservation. In the current study, long-term cryopreservation was initiated for 194 Fragaria genotypes. A protocol combining vitrification with cold acclimation was effective and highly reproducible, with an average regrowth rate of 86%. In Malus, a general cryopreservation protocol based on dormant winter buds was adopted. Based on the results provided in this study, a combination of traditional ex situ conservation and cryopreservation can greatly improve the stability and security of fruit germplasm conservation.     

Concentration of Zinc,Copper, Iron,Calcium, and Magnesium in the Serum,Tissues, and Urine of Streptozotocin-Induced Mild Diabetic Rat Model

A survey carried out in Lake Tana in 2015 found that Hg levels in some fish species exceeded internationally accepted safe levels for fish consumption. The current study assesses human exposure to Hg through fish consumption around the Lake Tana. Of particular interest was that a dietary intake of fishes is currently a health risk for Bihar Dar residents and anglers. Hair samples were collected from three different groups: anglers, college students and teachers, and daily laborers. A questionary includes gender, age, weight, activity. Frequency of fish consumption and origin of the eaten fish were completed by each participant. Mercury concentrations in hair were significantly higher (P value <0.05) for anglers (mean?±?standard deviation 0.120?±?0.199 μg/g) than college students (mean?±?standard deviation 0.018?±?0.039 μg/g) or daily workers (mean?±?standard deviation 16?±?9.5 ng/g). Anglers consumed fish more often than daily workers and college group. Moreover, there was also a strong correlation (P value <0.05) between the logarithms of total mercury and age associated with mercury concentration in scalp hair. Mercury concentrations in the hair of men were on average twice the value of the women. Also, users of skin lightening soap on a daily basis had 2.5 times greater mercury in scalp hair than non-users. Despite the different sources of mercury exposure mentioned above, the mercury concentrations of the scalp hair of participants of this study were below levels deemed to pose a threat to health.     

Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic Effects of Leucine,Zinc, and Chromium,Alone and in Combination,in Rats with Type 2 Diabetes

The main objective was to determine the elemental profile of the lung lining fluid of rats which are used as model animals in various experiments. Lung lining fluid elemental constitution obtained after bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to determine the biological trace elements along with calcium and magnesium. BALF was collected from healthy rats using a tracheal cannula. However, cells in BALF were counted to monitor any underlying inflammatory lung condition. Cell free BALF samples were processed and analyzed for the elements including magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), bromine (Br), and iodine (I). In view of this, calcium concentration was the highest (6318.08 ± 3094.3 μg/L) and copper concentration was the lowest (0.89 ± 0.21 μg/L). The detected elements, from high to low concentration, include Ca > Mg > Fe > Br > I > Cr > Ni > Zn > Mn > Se > Cu. Pearson’s correlation analysis revealed no significant correlation between cell count and concentration of any of the element detected in BALF. Correlation analysis also revealed significant positive correlation among Fe, I, Cr, Ni, and Mn. Ca was found to be correlated negatively with Cu and positively with Se. Br and Mg found to be positively correlated with each other. Zn remained the only element that was not found to be correlated with any of the elements in the rat BALF.     

Assessment of Zinc Status in School-Age Children from Rural Areas in China Nutrition and Health Survey 2002 and 2012

Zinc is an essential trace element for growth and development in children, but zinc deficiency is a serious nutritional problem worldwide. Our study aimed to assess the zinc status of school-age children living in rural areas of China and to examine the change of zinc status based on the China Nutrition and Health Survey 2002 and 2012. We used the probability proportional to size sampling method for subject selection, and a total of 3407 school-age children were included in this study. Zinc status was assessed by three items of indicators recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and the International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group (IZiNCG). The concentration of serum zinc was 718.2 μg/L, and 44.4% of children being zinc deficiency in 2002, while 846.8 μg/L and 10.4% in 2012. Zinc intake was 7.8 mg/day with a 7.6% inadequate zinc intake in 2002, together with 6.9 mg/day and 38.2% in 2012. Height-for-age Z score was ?1.06 and 19.1% of children being stunting in 2002, as well as ?0.15 and 6.8% in 2012. In conclusion, the zinc status of school-age children living in rural areas of China has been significantly improved in addition to zinc intake over the past 10 years. However, the zinc deficiency still observed in poor rural areas of China in 2012. In addition, we suggested that the zinc bioavailability should be taken into account when assessing zinc status in population.     

Magnesium Ions Promote the Biological Behaviour of Rat Calvarial Osteoblasts by Activating the PI3K/Akt Signalling Pathway

Magnesium has been investigated as a biodegradable metallic material. Increased concentrations of Mg²⁺ around magnesium implants due to biodegradation contribute to its satisfactory osteogenic capacity. However, the mechanisms underlying this process remain elusive. We propose that activation of the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway plays a role in the Mg²⁺-enhanced biological behaviours of osteoblasts. To test this hypothesis, 6, 10 and 18 mM Mg²⁺ was used to evaluate the stimulatory effect of Mg²⁺ on osteogenesis, which was assessed by evaluating cell adhesion, cell viability, ALP activity, extracellular matrix mineralisation and RT-PCR. The expression of p-Akt was also determined by western blotting. The results showed that 6 and 10 mM Mg²⁺ elicited the highest stimulatory effect on cell adhesion, cell viability and osteogenic differentiation as evidenced by cytoskeletal staining, MTT assay results, ALP activity, extracellular matrix mineralisation and expression of osteogenic differentiation-related genes. In contrast, 18 mM Mg²⁺ had an inhibitory effect on the behaviour of osteoblasts. Furthermore, 10 mM Mg²⁺ significantly increased the phosphorylation of Akt in osteoblasts. Notably, the aforementioned beneficial effects produced by 10 mM Mg²⁺ were abolished by blocking the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway through the addition of wortmannin. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that 6 mM and 10 mM Mg²⁺ can enhance the behaviour of osteoblasts, which is at least partially attributed to activation of the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway. Furthermore, a high concentration (18 mM Mg²⁺) showed an inhibitory effect on the biological behaviour of osteoblasts. These findings advance the understanding of cellular responses to biodegradable metallic materials and may attract greater clinical interest in magnesium.