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911.
912.
Adrian J. Cutler Mohammed Saleem Hong Wang 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》1991,27(3):104-111
Summary Cereal leaf protoplasts are extremely difficult to culture (recalcitrant) in vitro. There have been few reports of division
and the protoplasts typically exhibit excessive enlargement and vacuolization with reduced cell wall deposition. Inasmuch
as leaf base explants are capable of callus formation in vitro, protoplasts derived from this tissue must have lost the ability
to divide as a consequence of changes induced by the wall-digestion process. We review evidence suggesting that the inhibition
of mitosis in these protoplasts is a consequence of a cascade of events initiated at the plasma membrane. The enzyme treatment
necessary for wall removal triggers membrane depolarization and other changes that can lead to the initiation of lipid peroxidation
and oxidative stress. Mitotically inactive cereal leaf protoplasts are unable to mount a protective response to these degradative
processes. Consequently, the resulting membrane perturbations and permeabilization give rise to secondary effects on the cytoskeleton
and the cell wall. These effects include reduced or absent microtubules as well as reduced and uneven wall deposition. Such
abnormalities are observed in cereal leaf protoplasts and are sufficient to account for recalcitrance because the occurrence
of mitosis is strongly dependent on a normal cell wall and cytoskeleton.
This paper is NRCC number 32475. 相似文献
913.
We generalise the model of [21] in which the author considered a predator-prey system with predators eating only the young ones (or eggs) of the prey species. The prime assumption of the present paper is that the birth rate (per unit individual per unit time) of predators depends not only on the current prey egg-level but also on all previous prey egg-levels. It is seen that under this assumption an otherwise stable system may be stable as well as unstable leading to the conclusion that young predation with time delay is less stable than without it. Finally for the model of [21] we prove a result which shows that large predation rates help in the co-existence of both predator and prey species. 相似文献
914.
Mazhar Ali Nasir Masood Hafiz Muhammad Rashad Javeed Ibrahim Al-Ashkar Khalid F. Almutairi Liyun Liu Muhammad Aqeel Sarwar Karthika Rajendran Ayman EL Sabagh 《Phyton》2022,91(10):2235-2248
Soil amendments containing carbonized materials increase the soil carbon reservoir, influence plant productivity,
and, ultimately, help to clean the environment. There is data on the effect of such additions on soil physicochemical
properties or plant growth, but few studies have focused on how these carbonized materials are distributed by termite species in the soil ecosystem. It is the first comprehensive study of the transportation of biochar (BC) by termite
species under tropical environmental conditions in Pakistan. The present study was carried out to test the hypothesis
that if termite species I) were involved in the distribution of biochar particles II) if yes, then how far these particles
were transported during the study period (10 days) and III) check their preference between the enriched BC (EBC)
and non-enriched BC. BC was enriched with the cattle slurry after its pyrolysis in the study. The results showed that
EBC particles were significantly more widely distributed than non-enriched BC particles, but both types of BC were
transported more than 4 cm (ring 4) within 10 days (at the end of the experiment). The current study also revealed
that EBC was easily attached to the setae, cuticle, and legs of termites, implying that it could potentially be transported over a greater distance. Furthermore, transportation of EBC over larger distances indicated a potential preference of termite species between the EBC and BC particles. During the study, however, the preference among the
termite species was also observed. Under the prevailing study conditions, the Coptotermes heimi and Heteroterme
indicola species transported the EBC further than Microtermes obesi and Odontotermes obesus. These findings
revealed that transportation preferences were observed among the four termite species. In conclusion, the current
study found that termites were involved in the distribution of BC particles, with a preference for EBC and that these
have the potential to transport BC particles more than 4 cm within 10 days. Furthermore, two species Coptotermes
heimi and Heteroterme indicola may be more suitable candidates for EBC transpiration in Pakistani soils. It was
necessary to conduct additional research into the effect of temperature on the transportation process. 相似文献
915.
Mahmoud F. Seleiman Muhammad Talha Aslam Bushra Ahmed Alhammad Muhammad Umair Hassan Rizwan Maqbool Muhammad Umer Chattha Imran Khan Harun Ireri Gitari Omer S. Uslu Rana Roy Martin Leonardo Battaglia 《Phyton》2022,91(4):667-694
Salinity stress is a major threat to global food production and its intensity is continuously increasing because of
anthropogenic activities. Wheat is a staple food and a source of carbohydrates and calories for the majority of
people across the globe. However, wheat productivity is adversely affected by salt stress, which is associated with
a reduction in germination, growth, altered reproductive behavior and enzymatic activity, disrupted photosynthesis, hormonal imbalance, oxidative stress, and yield reductions. Thus, a better understanding of wheat (plant)
behavior to salinity stress has essential implications to devise counter and alleviation measures to cope with salt
stress. Different approaches including the selection of suitable cultivars, conventional breeding, and molecular
techniques can be used for facing salt stress tolerance. However, these techniques are tedious, costly, and
labor-intensive. Management practices are still helpful to improve the wheat performance under salinity stress.
Use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, and exogenous application of phytohormones, seed priming, and nutrient management are important tools to improve wheat performance under
salinity stress. In this paper, we discussed the effect of salinity stress on the wheat crop, possible mechanisms to
deal with salinity stress, and management options to improve wheat performance under salinity conditions. 相似文献
916.
Iqra Ishaaq Muhammad Umer Farooq Syeda Anjum Tahira Rizwana Maqbool Celaleddin Barutçular Muhammad Yasir Saira Bano Zaid Ulhassan Ghassan Zahid Muhammad Ahsan Asghar Sajad Hussain Kocsy Gabor Ulkar Ibrahimova Jianqing Zhu Anshu Rastogi 《Phyton》2022,91(12):2733-2758
Drought is the major detrimental environmental factor for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production. The exploration of genetic patterns underlying drought tolerance is of great significance. Here we report the gene actions controlling the phenological traits using the line × tester model studying 27 crosses and 12 parents under normal irrigation and drought conditions. The results interpreted via multiple analysis (mean performance, correlations, principal component, genetic analysis, heterotic and heterobeltiotic potential) disclosed highly significant differences among germplasm. The phenological waxiness traits (glume, boom, and sheath) were strongly interlinked. Flag leaf area exhibits a positive association with peduncle and spike length under drought. The growing degree days (heat-units) greatly influence spikelets and grains per spike, however, the grain yield/plant was significantly reduced (17.44 g to 13.25 g) under drought. The principal components based on eigenvalue indicated significant PCs (first-seven) accounted for 79.9% and 73.9% of total variability under normal irrigation and drought, respectively. The investigated yield traits showed complex genetic behaviour. The genetic advance confronted a moderate to high heritability for spikelets/spike and grain yield/plant. The traits conditioned by dominant genetic effects in normal irrigation were inversely controlled by additive genetic effects under drought and vice versa. The magnitude of dominance effects for phenological and yield traits, i.e., leaf twist, auricle hairiness, grain yield/plant, spikelets, and grains/spike suggests that selection by the pedigree method is appropriate for improving these traits under normal irrigation conditions and could serve as an indirect selection index for improving yield-oriented traits in wheat populations for drought tolerance. However, the phenotypic selection could be more than effective for traits conditioned by additive genetic effects under drought. We suggest five significant cross combinations based on heterotic and heterobeltiotic potential of wheat genotypes for improved yield and enhanced biological production of wheat in advanced generations under drought. 相似文献
917.
Zhang Xiaoyun Tahir Muhammad Mobeen Li Shaohuan Tang Ting Mao Jiangping Li Ke Shao Yun Yang Weiwei Niu Jianxin Zhang Dong 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2022,148(1):23-34
Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC) - Lateral roots (LRs) are critical for plant stress tolerance and productivity. Understanding how hormones and genes interact in a fluctuating... 相似文献
918.
Farouq A. A. Ismail H. Y. Rabah A. B. Muhammad A. B. Ibrahim U. B. Fardami A. Y. 《Plant and Soil》2022,477(1-2):759-777
Plant and Soil - To understand the influence of cowpea on its rhizosphere physicochemical and biological conditions. Pristine soil samples were contaminated with Bonny-Light crude oil and viable... 相似文献
919.
The decomposition of soil organic carbon (SOC) plays a critical role in regulating atmospheric CO2 concentrations and climate dynamics. However, the mechanisms and factors controlling SOC decomposition are still not
fully understood. Here, we conducted a 60 days incubation experiment to test the effects of physical disturbance
and nitrogen (N) addition on SOC decomposition. N addition increased the concentration of NO3- by 51% in the
soil, but had little effect on the concentration of NH4+. N addition inhibited SOC decomposition, but such an
effect differed between disturbed and undisturbed soils. In disturbed and undisturbed soils, application of N
decreased SOC decomposition by 37% and 15%, respectively. One possible explanation is that extra N input suppressed microbial N mining and/or increased the stability of soil organic matter by promoting the formation of
soil aggregates and incorporating part of the inorganic N into organic matter, and consequently decreased microbial mineralization of soil organic matter. Physical disturbance intensified the inhibition of N on SOC decomposition, likely because physical disturbance allowed the added N to be better exposed to soil microbes and
consequently increased the availability of added N. We conclude that physical disturbance and N play important
roles in modulating the stability of SOC. 相似文献
920.
Hua-Feng Wang Xiaoting Xu Xia-Lan Cheng Yunpeng Liu Ao Luo Tong Lyu Wen-Long Wang Mir Muhammad Nizamani Zhiheng Wang 《Journal of Plant Ecology》2022,15(6):1142
Understanding large-scale patterns of biodiversity and their drivers remains central in ecology. Many hypotheses
have been proposed, including hydrothermal dynamic hypothesis, tropical niche conservatism hypothesis, Janzen’s
hypothesis and a combination model containing energy, water, seasonality and habitat heterogeneity. Yet, their
relative contributions to groups with different lifeforms and range sizes remain controversial, which have limited
our ability to understand the general mechanisms underlying species richness patterns. Here we evaluated how
lifeforms and species range sizes influenced the relative contributions of these three hypotheses to species richness
patterns of a tropical family Moraceae. The distribution data of Moraceae species at a spatial resolution of 50km
×50 km and their lifeforms (i.e. shrubs, small trees and large trees) were compiled. The species richness patterns
were estimated for the entire family, different life forms and species with different range sizes separately. The effects
of environmental variables on species richness were analyzed, and relative contributions of different hypotheses
were evaluated across life forms and species range size groups. The species richness patterns were consistent across
different species groups and the species richness was the highest in Sichuan, Guangzhou and Hainan provinces,
making these provinces the hotspots of this family. Climate seasonality is the primary factor in determining richness
variation of Moraceae. The best combination model gave the largest explanatory power for Moraceae species
richness across each group of range size and life forms followed by the hydrothermal dynamic hypothesis, Janzen’s
hypothesis and tropical niche conservatism hypothesis. All these models has a large shared effects but a low
independent effect (< 5%), except rare species. These findings suggest unique patterns and mechanisms underlying
rare species richness and provide a theoretical basis for protection of the Moraceae species in China. 相似文献