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161.
Syeda Kanwal Aslam Sidra Zaheer Muhammad Sameer Qureshi Syeda Nisma Aslam Kashif Shafique 《PloS one》2016,11(4)
BackgroundSeveral developing countries like Pakistan step into Sustainable Development Goals period with crucial maternal and child health needs that need to be addressed for improving health outcomes among people. We aim to explore existent socio-economic disparities in use of family planning methods (FPM) among Pakistani women, and compare any such inequalities between the years 2006 and 2013.SettingPakistan Demographic and Health Surveys (PDHS) 2006–7 (n = 9177) and the most recent 2012–13(n = 13558) data were used to conduct secondary analysis. Participants were ever married women aged between 15 and 49 years. Socio-economic status was assessed by the education level and wealth index. Inequalities were measured through Odds Ratio (OR), Relative Index of inequality (RII), and Slope index of inequality (SII) on non-use of FPM.ResultsAlthough the prevalence of FPM use has increased over time (28% in 2006 versus 54% in 2013), the socio-economic inequalities persistently exist. Comparing results of PDHS 2006 with PDHS 2013, education related absolute inequalities among urban dwellers increased from -0.41 (95% CI -0.67, -0.13, p-value < 0.01) to -0.83 (95% CI -1.02, -0.63, p-value < 0.01); and increased from -0.93 (95% CI -1.21, -0.64, p-value < 0.01) to -0.98 (95% CI -1.20, -0.76, p-value < 0.01) among rural dwellers. Similarly wealth related absolute inequalities are also existent.ConclusionsAlthough the FPM use has increased over time, but it is important to note that socio-economic gap in use of FPM persists. Such differences have disadvantaged the poor and the illiterate. Family planning programs may target the disadvantaged subgroups for ensuring well-being of women and children in Pakistan. 相似文献
162.
Muhammad Ahsan Qureshi Rafidah Md Noor Azra Shamim Shahaboddin Shamshirband Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo 《PloS one》2016,11(3)
Radio propagation models (RPMs) are generally employed in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) to predict path loss in multiple operating environments (e.g. modern road infrastructure such as flyovers, underpasses and road tunnels). For example, different RPMs have been developed to predict propagation behaviour in road tunnels. However, most existing RPMs for road tunnels are computationally complex and are based on field measurements in frequency band not suitable for VANET deployment. Furthermore, in tunnel applications, consequences of moving radio obstacles, such as large buses and delivery trucks, are generally not considered in existing RPMs. This paper proposes a computationally inexpensive RPM with minimal set of parameters to predict path loss in an acceptable range for road tunnels. The proposed RPM utilizes geometric properties of the tunnel, such as height and width along with the distance between sender and receiver, to predict the path loss. The proposed RPM also considers the additional attenuation caused by the moving radio obstacles in road tunnels, while requiring a negligible overhead in terms of computational complexity. To demonstrate the utility of our proposed RPM, we conduct a comparative summary and evaluate its performance. Specifically, an extensive data gathering campaign is carried out in order to evaluate the proposed RPM. The field measurements use the 5 GHz frequency band, which is suitable for vehicular communication. The results demonstrate that a close match exists between the predicted values and measured values of path loss. In particular, an average accuracy of 94% is found with R2 = 0.86. 相似文献
163.
Peerzada Yasir Yousuf Altaf Ahmad Ibrahim M. Aref Munir Ozturk Hemant Arshid Hussain Ganie Muhammad Iqbal 《Protoplasma》2016,253(6):1565-1575
Brassica juncea is mainly cultivated in the arid and semi-arid regions of India where its production is significantly affected by soil salinity. Adequate knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the salt tolerance at sub-cellular levels must aid in developing the salt-tolerant plants. A proper functioning of chloroplasts under salinity conditions is highly desirable to maintain crop productivity. The adaptive molecular mechanisms offered by plants at the chloroplast level to cope with salinity stress must be a prime target in developing the salt-tolerant plants. In the present study, we have analyzed differential expression of chloroplast proteins in two Brassica juncea genotypes, Pusa Agrani (salt-sensitive) and CS-54 (salt-tolerant), under the effect of sodium chloride. The chloroplast proteins were isolated and resolved using 2DE, which facilitated identification and quantification of 12 proteins that differed in expression in the salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive genotypes. The identified proteins were related to a variety of chloroplast-associated molecular processes, including oxygen-evolving process, PS I and PS II functioning, Calvin cycle and redox homeostasis. Expression analysis of genes encoding differentially expressed proteins through real time PCR supported our findings with proteomic analysis. The study indicates that modulating the expression of chloroplast proteins associated with stabilization of photosystems and oxidative defence plays imperative roles in adaptation to salt stress. 相似文献
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Hina Siddiqui Muhammad Arslan Bashir Kulsoom Javaid Arsalan Nizamani Huma Bano Sammer Yousuf 《Journal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal chemistry》2016,31(6):1392-1403
Tyramine derivatives 3–27 were synthesized by using conventional and environmental friendly ultrasonic techniques. These derivatives were then evaluated for the first time for their α-glucosidase (Sources: Saccharomyces cerevisiae and mammalian rat-intestinal acetone powder) inhibitory activity by using in vitro mechanism-based biochemical assays. Compounds 7, 14, 20, 21 and 26 were found to be more active (IC50?=?49.7?±?0.4, 318.8?±?3.7, 23.5?±?0.9, 302.0?±?7.3 and 230.7?±?4.0?μM, respectively) than the standard drug, acarbose (IC50?=?840.0?±?1.73?μM (observed) and 780?±?0.028?μM (reported)) against α-glucosidase obtained from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Kinetic studies were carried out on the most active members of the series in order to determine their mode of inhibition and dissociation constants. Compounds 7, 20 and 26 were found to be the competitive inhibitors of α-glucosidase. These compounds were also screened for their protein antiglycation, and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory activities. Only compounds 20, 22 and 27 showed weak antiglycation activity with IC50 values 505.27?±?5.95, 581.87?±?5.50 and 440.58?±?2.74?μM, respectively. All the compounds were found to be inactive against DDP-IV enzyme. Inhibition of α-glucosidase, DPP-IV enzymes and glycation of proteins are valid targets for the discovery of antidiabetic drugs. Cytotoxicity of compounds 3–27 was also evaluated by using mouse fibroblast 3T3 cell lines. All the compounds were found to be noncytotoxic. The current study describes the synthesis α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of derivatives, based on a natural product tyramine template. The compounds reported here may serve as the starting point for the design and development of novel α-glucosidase inhibitors as antidiabetic agents. 相似文献
168.
Akash Tariq Muhammad Adnan Rahila Amber Kaiwen Pan Sakina Mussarat Zabta Khan Shinwari 《Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials》2016,15(1):52
Background
Leishmaniasis and malaria are the two most common parasitic diseases and responsible for large number of deaths per year particularly in developing countries like Pakistan. Majority of Pakistan population rely on medicinal plants due to their low socio-economic status. The present review was designed to gather utmost fragmented published data on traditionally used medicinal plants against leishmaniasis and malaria in Pakistan and their scientific validation.Methods
Pub Med, Google Scholar, Web of Science, ISI Web of knowledge and Flora of Pakistan were searched for the collection of data on ethnomedicinal plants. Total 89 articles were reviewed for present study which was mostly published in English. We selected only those articles in which complete information was given regarding traditional uses of medicinal plants in Pakistan.Results
Total of 56 plants (malaria 33, leishmaniasis 23) was found to be used traditionally against reported parasites. Leaves were the most focused plant part both in traditional use and in in vitro screening against both parasites. Most extensively used plant families against Leishmaniasis and Malaria were Lamiaceae and Asteraceae respectively. Out of 56 documented plants only 15 plants (Plasmodia 4, Leishmania 11) were assessed in vitro against these parasites. Mostly crude and ethanolic plant extracts were checked against Leishmania and Plasmodia respectively and showed good inhibition zone. Four pure compounds like artemisinin, physalins and sitosterol extracted from different plants proved their efficacy against these parasites.Conclusions
Present review provides the efficacy and reliability of ethnomedicinal practices and also invites the attention of chemists, pharmacologist and pharmacist to scientifically validate unexplored plants that could lead toward the development of novel anti-malarial and anti-leishmanial drugs.169.
Periklis?Makrythanasis Michel?Guipponi Federico?A.?Santoni Maha?Zaki Mahmoud?Y.?Issa Muhammad?Ansar Hanan?HamamyEmail author Stylianos?E.?AntonarakisEmail author 《Human genomics》2016,10(1):26
Background
The recent availability of whole-exome sequencing has opened new possibilities for the evaluation of individuals with genetically undiagnosed intellectual disability.Results
We report two affected siblings, offspring of first-cousin parents, with intellectual disability, hypotonia, short stature, growth hormone deficiency, and delayed bone age. All members of the nuclear family were genotyped, and exome sequencing was performed in one of the affected individuals. We used an in-house algorithm (CATCH v1.1) that combines homozygosity mapping with exome sequencing results and provides a list of candidate variants. One identified novel homozygous missense variant in KALRN (NM_003947.4:c.3644C>A: p.(Thr1215Lys)) was predicted to be pathogenic by all pathogenicity prediction software used (SIFT, PolyPhen, Mutation Taster). KALRN encodes the protein kalirin, which is a GTP-exchange factor protein with a reported role in cytoskeletal remodeling and dendritic spine formation in neurons. It is known that mice with ablation of Kalrn exhibit age-dependent functional deficits and behavioral phenotypes.Conclusion
Exome sequencing provided initial evidence linking KALRN to monogenic intellectual disability in man, and we propose that KALRN is the causative gene for the autosomal recessive phenotype in this family.170.
Isha Shamshad Muhammad Waqas Maliha Asma Javed Nawab Nayab Gul 《International journal of phytoremediation》2016,18(4):393-398
The green macroalgae present in freshwater ecosystems have attracted a great attention of the world scientists for removal of heavy metals from wastewater. In this mesocosm study, the uptake rates of heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), and lead (Pb) by Oedogonium westi (O. westti) were measured. The equilibrium adsorption capabilities of O. westti were different for Cd, Ni, Cr, and Pb (0.974, 0.418, 0.620, and 0.261 mgg–1, respectively) at 18°C and pH 5.0. Furthermore, the removal efficiencies for Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb were observed from 55–95%, 61–93%, 59–89%, and 61–96%, respectively. The highest removal efficiency was observed for Cd and Cr from aqueous solution at acidic pH and low initial metal concentrations. However, the removal efficiencies of Ni and Pb were higher at high pH and high concentrations of metals in aqueous solution. The results summarized that O. westti is a suitable candidate for removal of selected toxic heavy metals from the aqueous solutions. 相似文献