Methylenebissantin: a rare methylene-bridged bisflavonoid from Dodonaea viscosa which inhibits Plasmodium falciparum enoyl-ACP reductase

A new methylene-bridged bisflavonoid, methylenebissantin (1), and nine known compounds, including flavonoids (2-5), diterpenoids (6 and 7), and phenol derivatives (8-10) were isolated from the aerial parts of Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. The structure elucidation was based on spectroscopic data analyses. The isolated compounds were evaluated for the inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum enoyl-ACP reductase (PfENR). Methylenebissantin (1) exhibited a moderate inhibition (IC(50) 91.13 μM) against PfENR.     

Docking of human rhodopsin mutant (Gly90→Asp) with beta-arrestin and cyanidin 3-rutinoside to cure night blindness

MOTIVATION: Rhodopsin is a visual pigment present in rod cells of retina. It belongs to GPCR family and involves photoisomerization of 11-cis-retinal to all-trans-retinal isomers, conformational changes in rhodopsin and signal transduction cascade to generate a nerve impulse. This signaling pathway has been targeted to eliminate the effect of a mutation (Gly90→Asp) responsible for abnormal activation of G-protein without retinal conformations in the absence of light leading to congenital night blindness. A theoretical model of rhodopsin with induced mutation has been deliberated in order to find potential ligands which can offset this mutational effect. The binding interactions between the target mutated rhodopsin model and potential ligands have been predicted with the help of molecular docking. The results indicated strong functional benefits of ligands as an inhibitor and an agonist for mutated rhodopsin model. Therefore, we propose a new visual cascade model which can initiate the normal signaling of rhodopsin mutant with the help of proposed ligands and can provide a hope for vision in future.     

Synthesis of new sulfonamides as lipoxygenase inhibitors

The present study describes a convenient method for the synthesis of new lipoxygenase inhibitors, 4-(toluene-4-sulfonylamino)-benzoic acids from p-amino benzoic acid. Reaction of p-amino benzoic acid with p-toluenesulfonyl chloride provided thirteen N- and O-alkylation products 4a-4m in moderate to good yields. Lipoxygenase inhibition of newly formed sulfonamide derivatives was investigated and some of these compounds 4m, 4g, 4e, 4f and 4j showed good lipoxygenase inhibitory activities with IC(50) values ranged between 15.8 ± 0.57 and 91.7 ± 0.61 μmol whilst all other compounds exhibited mild anti-lipoxygenase activities with IC(50) values ranged between 139.2 ± 0.75 and 232.1 ± 0.78 μmol. N-alkylated products were more active against the enzyme than O-alkylated or both N- and O-alkylated ones. All synthesized sulfonamides were recrystallized in chloroform to give these title compounds which were characterized using FTIR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, elemental analysis and single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques.     

Molecular epidemiology of ��-thalassemia in Pakistan: Far reaching implications

BACKGROUND:

β -Thalassaemia, an autosomal recessive hemoglobinopathy, is one of the commonest genetically transmitted disorders throughout the world. Collective measures including carrier identification, genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis are required for preventing β-thalassemia.

Aim:

To achieve this objective, Identification of the spectrum of genetic mutations, especially for various ethnic backgrounds in Pakistan. Therefore, we designed a cross sectional prospective study to identify the frequency of various gene mutations in different ethnic groups of Pakistan.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Over a 5-year period, DNA from 648 blood samples {including specimens of chorionic villus sampling (CVS)} were analyzed for the twelve most common β-thalassemia mutations found in the Pakistani population by a Multiplex amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS). Each sample was analyzed for the mutation as well as the normal gene, appropriate with negative and positive controls, and reagent blanks.

RESULTS:

Out of 648 samples mutations were identified in 640 (98.75%) samples by multiplex ARMS. 8 common β-thalassemia mutations were identified in 8 different ethnic groups accounting for 93.9% of the β-thalasemia alleles.

CONCLUSIONS:

Based on the outcome of this study a cost effective proposal is formulated for detection of β-thalassemia mutations.     

In vitro propagation and characterization of phenolic content along with antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Cichorium pumilum Jacq.

Cichorium pumilum, a member of Asteraceae, is widely used as a traditional medicinal herb. An efficient protocol for callus formation and whole plant propagation has been developed. Callus cultures were induced from leaf explants on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 1.5?mg?l^?1 6-Benzyladenine (BA) and 0.5?mg?l^?1 Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). Maximum numbers of shoots were obtained from calli transferred to shoot regeneration medium containing MS basal medium with 1.5?mg?l^?1 BA or Kinetin (Kin). The shoots were effectively rooted on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of Indole-3-butyric acid. In the present study, the antibacterial activity of C. pumilum extracts was assayed in vitro by agar disc diffusion and agar well diffusion methods against 10 different bacterial species. The results showed effect on the growth of 50 and 70% of the tested bacterial species using methanol and ethanol extracts respectively. Klebsiella pneumoniae was susceptible to the ethanolic and methanolic extracts of wild plants and in vitro tissues, whereas Enterococcus faecalis was resistant to all the extracts. This study verified that the methanol extracts have strong antioxidant activities with high levels of phenolic compounds. The antioxidant activity and total phenol content of callus cultures and in vitro plantlets were lower than those of the wild plants. The results obtained confirm the therapeutic potency of Cichorium used in the traditional medicine, in addition, the efficient in vitro production system developed in this study provide sterile and consistent tissues for the investigation of phytochemical and pharmacological effects and germplasm conservation of C. pumilum.     

Targeting N-acyl-homoserine-lactones to mitigate membrane biofouling based on quorum sensing using a biofouling reducer

Exploring novel biological anti-quorum sensing (QS) agents to control membrane biofouling is of great worth in order to allow sustainable performance of membrane bioreactors (MBRs) for wastewater treatment. In recent studies, QS inhibitors have provided evidence of alternative route to control membrane biofouling. This study investigated the role of Piper betle extract (PBE) as an anti-QS agent to mitigate membrane biofouling. Results demonstrated the occurrence of the N-acyl-homoserine-lactone (AHL) autoinducers (AIs), correlate QS activity and membrane biofouling mitigation. The AIs production in bioreactor was confirmed using an indicator strain Agrobacterium tumefaciens (NTL4) harboring plasmid pZLR4. Moreover, three different AHLs were found in biocake using thin layer chromatographic analysis. An increase in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and transmembrane pressure (TMP) was observed with AHL activity of the biocake during continuous MBR operation, which shows that membrane biofouling was in close relationship with QS activity. PBE was verified to mitigate membrane biofouling via inhibiting AIs production. SEM analysis further confirmed the effect of PBE on EPS and biofilm formation. These results exhibited that PBE could be a novel agent to target AIs for mitigation of membrane biofouling. Further work can be carried out to purify the active compound of Piper betle extract to target the QS to mitigate membrane biofouling.     

Influence of positioning of carbohydrate binding module on the activity of endoglucanase CelA of Clostridium thermocellum

This study reports characteristics of different derivatives produced between CelA, a major endoglucanase of Clostridium thermocellum and carbohydrate binding domain of family 3a (CBM3a). In addition to the native form of the endoglucanase containing catalytic and dockerin domains (CelA-CD), its derivatives consisting of catalytic domain without dockerin domain (CelA-C), catalytic domain linked with the binding domain at N-, C- and both termini (CelA-BC, CelA-CB and CelA-BCB, respectively), two catalytic domains cloned in tandem (CelA-CC) and two catalytic domains intervened by a binding domain (CelA-CBC) were expressed in Escherichia coli at levels of 40, 43, 28, 30, 20, 20 and 10%, respectively of the total cell proteins. Specific activities of CelA-CD, CelA-C, CelA-BC, CelA-CB, CelA-CC, CelA-BCB and CelA-CBC against carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were 8.1, 7.0, 12.1, 8.5, 11.8, 10.2 and 23.5Umg(-1) enzyme while activities against pre-treated bagasse were 490, 250, 1400, 600, 810, 710 and 2270μmoles reducing sugars released per μmole of the enzyme, respectively, under the assay conditions used. Thus the activities of CelA-BC and CelA-CBC showed nearly 3- and 5-fold increase against pre-treated bagasse as compared to that of the native form of the enzyme, CelA-CD. Molecular modeling studies using MODELLER show that the binding residues of CBM3a and the active site residues of the catalytic domain are more favorably oriented for binding and hydrolysis of the polysaccharide in the case of CelA-BC as compared to those in CelA-CB, which corresponds with higher activity of the former.     

An exploration of how litter controls drainage water DIN, DON and DOC dynamics in freely draining acid grassland soils

Surface and subsurface litter fulfil many functions in the biogeochemical cycling of C and N in terrestrial ecosystems. These were explored using a microcosm study by monitoring dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) (NH₄ ⁺–N?+?NO₃ ^?–N), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations and fluxes in drainage water under ambient outdoor temperatures. Subsurface litter remarkably reduced the DIN concentrations in winter, probably by microbial N uptake associated with higher C:N ratio of added litter compared with soil at 10–25?cm depth. Fluxes of DIN were generally dominated by NO₃ ^?–N; but NH₄ ⁺–N strongly dominated DIN fluxes during freeze–thaw events. Appreciable concentrations of NH₄ ⁺–N were observed in the drainage from the acid grassland soils throughout the experiment, indicating NH₄ ⁺–N mobility and export in drainage water especially during freeze–thaw. Litter contributed substantially to DOC and DON production and they were correlated positively (p?<?0.01) for all treatments. DOC and DON concentrations correlated with temperature for the control (p?<?0.01) and surface litter (p?<?0.001) treatments and they were higher in late summer. The subsurface litter treatment, however, moderated the effect of temperature on DOC and DON dynamics. Cumulative N species fluxes confirmed the dominance of litter as the source of DON and DOC in the drainage water. DON constituted 42, 46 and 62% of cumulative TDN flux for control, surface litter and subsurface litter treatments respectively.     

Production of biogas from solid organic wastes through anaerobic digestion: a review

Anaerobic digestion treatments have often been used for biological stabilization of solid wastes. These treatment processes generate biogas which can be used as a renewable energy sources. Recently, anaerobic digestion of solid wastes has attracted more interest because of current environmental problems, most especially those concerned with global warming. Thus, laboratory-scale research on this area has increased significantly. In this review paper, the summary of the most recent research activities covering production of biogas from solid wastes according to its origin via various anaerobic technologies was presented.     

Determination of Rust Resistance Gene Complex Lr34/Yr18 in Spring Wheat and its Effect on Components of Partial Resistance

The non‐durable nature of hypersensitive (race‐specific) resistance has stimulated scientists to search for other options such as race‐non‐specific resistance to provide long‐lasting protection against plant diseases. Adult plant resistance gene complex Lr34/Yr18 confers a dual race‐non‐specific type of resistance to wheat against stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) and leaf rust (P. triticina Eriks). This study was conducted to evaluate 59 spring bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes for the presence of the Lr34/Yr18‐linked csLV34 allele using STS marker csLV34 and to determine the effect of this gene complex on the components of partial resistance in wheat to leaf/stripe rust. Lr34/Yr18‐linked csLV34 allele was detected only in 12 genotypes, namely Iqbal 2000, NR‐281, NR 354, NR 363, NR 364, NR 366, NR 367, NR 370, NR 376, 4^thEBWYT 509, 4^thEBWYT 510 and 4^thEBWYT 518. Eleven genotypes showing the amplified Lr34/Yr18‐linked allele were further studied for the assessment of the effect of Lr34/Yr18 on components of partial resistance along with nine genotypes lacking this gene complex. Both stripe and leaf rusts were studied separately. The components of partial resistance including latency period (LP) and infection frequency (IF) were studied on primary leaf (seedling stage), fourth leaf and fully expanded young flag leaf (adult plant stage). Both the stripe and leaf rust fungi showed a prolonged LP and reduced IF on genotypes carrying Lr34/Yr18 gene complex. Generally, a longer LP was associated with a reduced IF at all growth stages. Although significant effect of Lr34/Yr18 gene complex on LP and IF was observed almost at all three growth stages, the effect was more pronounced at flag leaf. This suggested that Lr34/Yr18 gene complex is more effective at later stages of plant growth.