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101.
102.
Nuradilah Denan Wan Mamat Wan Zaki Ahmad R. Norhisham Ruzana Sanusi Dzulhelmi Muhammad Nasir Frisco Nobilly Adham Ashton‐Butt Alex M. Lechner Badrul Azhar 《Ecology and evolution》2020,10(2):654-661
In human‐modified landscapes, important ecological functions such as predation are negatively affected by anthropogenic activities, including the use of pesticides and habitat degradation. Predation of insect pests is an indicator of healthy ecosystem functioning, which provides important ecosystem services, especially for agricultural systems. In this study, we compare predation attempts from arthropods, mammals, and birds on artificial caterpillars in the understory, between three tropical agricultural land‐use types: oil palm plantations, rubber tree plantations, and fruit orchards. We collected a range of local and landscape‐scale data including undergrowth vegetation structure; elevation; proximity to forest; and canopy cover in order to understand how environmental variables can affect predation. In all three land‐use types, our results showed that arthropods and mammals were important predators of artificial caterpillars and there was little predation by birds. We did not find any effect of the environmental variables on predation. There was an interactive effect between land‐use type and predator type. Predation by mammals was considerably higher in fruit orchards and rubber tree than in oil palm plantations, likely due to their ability to support higher abundances of insectivorous mammals. In order to maintain or enhance natural pest control in these common tropical agricultural land‐use types, management practices that benefit insectivorous animals should be introduced, such as the reduction of pesticides, improvement of understory vegetation, and local and landscape heterogeneity. 相似文献
103.
Tehmina Bahar Adeeba Mahboob Qureshi Fasiha Qurashi Muniba Abid Misbah Batool Zahra Muhammad Saleem Haider 《Phyton》2021,90(1):75-86
Most damaging plant diseases have been caused by viruses in the entire world. In tropical and subtropical areas, the damage caused by plant virus leads to great economic and agricultural losses. Single stranded DNA viruses (geminiviruses) are the most perilous pathogens which are responsible for major diseases in agronomic and horticultural crops. Significantly begomoviruses and mastreviruses are the biggest genus of plant infecting viruses, transmitted though Bemisia tabaci and members of Cicadellidae respectively. Plants possesses some naturally existing chemicals term as phyto-chemicals which perform important functions in the plant. Some antioxidant enzymes are used by plants for self-defense upon foreign invasion of infection. This review explains the present perceptive of influence of viral infections on phyto-chemicals, oxidative enzymes and biochemical changes occurring in the plant. Viral infection mediated phyto-chemical changes in plants mainly includes: up and down regulation of photosynthetic pigment, increase in the concentration of phenolic compounds, elevation of starch content in the leaf and up & down regulation of anti-oxidative enzymes including (GPX) guaiacol peroxidase, (PPO) polyphenol oxidase, (APX) ascorbate peroxidase, (SOD) superoxide dismutase and (CTA) catalase. These changes lead to initiation of hypersensitive response, by thicken of the leaf lamina, lignification under the leaf surface, blocking to stomatal openings, systematic cell death, generation of reactive oxidative species (ROS), activation of pathogen mediated resistance pathways i.e., production of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid. Collectively all the physiological changes in the plant due to viral infection supports the activation of defense mechanism of the plant to combat against viral infection by limiting virus in specific area, followed with the production of barriers for pathogen, accumulation of starch in the leaf and excess production of (ROS). These strategies used by the plant to prevent the spread of virus in whole plant and to minimize the risk of severe yield loss. 相似文献
104.
Zahoor Ahmad Ejaz Ahmad Waraich Muhammad Zia ur Rehman Muhammad Ashar Ayub Muhammad Usman Hesham Alharby Atif Bamagoos Celaleddin Barutçular Muhammad Ali Raza Fatih Çiğ Ayman El Sabagh 《Phyton》2021,90(2):503-514
Water is essential for the growth period of crops; however, water unavailability badly affects the growth and physiological attributes of crops, which considerably reduced the yield and yield components in crops. Therefore, a pot
experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of foliar phosphorus (P) on morphological, gas exchange, biochemical traits, and phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids grown under normal as well as water
deficit situations at the Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan in 2014. Two different
treatments (control and P @ 8 kg ha−1
) and four hybrids (Hycorn, 31P41, 65625, and 32B33) of maize were tested by
using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Results showed that the water stress caused
a remarkable decline in total soluble protein (9.7%), photosynthetic rate (9.4%) and transpiration rate (13.4%), stomatal
conductance (10.2%), and internal CO2 rate (20.4%) comparative to well-watered control. An increase of 37.1%, 36.8%,
and 24.5% were recorded for proline, total soluble sugar, and total free amino acid, respectively. However, foliar P
application minimized the negative impact of drought by improving plant growth, physio-biochemical attributes,
and PUE in maize plants under water stress conditions. Among the hybrids tested, the hybrid 6525 performed better
both under stress and non-stress conditions. These outcomes confirmed that the exogenous application of P improved
drought stress tolerance by modulating growth, physio-biochemical attributes, and PUE of maize hybrids. 相似文献
105.
Md. Ashraful Alam Milan Skalicky Muhammad Rezaul Kabir Md. Monwar Hossain Md. Abdul Hakim Md. Siddikun Nabi Mandal Rabiul Islam Md. Babul Anwar Akbar Hossain Fahmy Hassan Amaal Mohammadein Muhammad Aamir Iqbal Marian Brestic Mohammad Anwar Hossain Khalid Rehman Hakeem Ayman EL Sabagh 《Phyton》2021,90(4):1301-1320
Globally among biotic stresses, diseases like blight, rust and blast constitute prime constraints for reducing wheat
productivity especially in Bangladesh. For sustainable productivity, the development of disease-resistant lines and
high yielding varieties is vital and necessary. This study was conducted using 122 advanced breeding lines of
wheat including 21 varieties developed by Bangladesh Wheat and Maize Research Institute (BAMRI) with aims
to identify genotypes having high yield potential and resistance to leaf blight, leaf rust and blast diseases. These
genotypes were evaluated for resistance against leaf blight and leaf rust at Dinajpur and wheat blast at Jashore
under field condition. Out of 122 genotypes tested, 20 lines were selected as resistant to leaf blight based on
the area under the diseases progress curve (AUDPC) under both irrigated timely sown (ITS) and irrigated late
sown (ILS) conditions. Forty-two genotypes were found completely free from leaf rust infection, 59 genotypes
were identified as resistant, and 13 genotypes were identified as moderately resistant to leaf rust. Eighteen genotypes were immune against wheat blast, 42 genotypes were categorized as resistant, and 26 genotypes were identified as moderately resistant to wheat blast. Molecular data revealed that the 16 genotypes showed a positive 2NS
segment among the 18 immune genotypes selected against wheat blast under field conditions. The genotypes
BAW 1322, BAW 1295, and BAW 1203 can be used as earlier maturing genotypes and the genotypes BAW
1372, BAW 1373, BAW 1297 and BAW 1364 can be used for lodging tolerant due to short plant height. The genotypes WMRI Gom 1, BAW 1349 and BAW 1350 can be selected for bold grain and the genotypes WMRI Gom 1,
BAW 1297, BAW 1377 can be used as high yielder for optimum seeding condition but genotypes BAW 1377
and BAW 1366 can be used for late sown condition. The selected resistant genotypes against specific diseases can be used in the further breeding program to develop wheat varieties having higher disease resistance and
yield potential. 相似文献
106.
Yasir Iftikhar Mazhar Abbas Mustansar Mubeen Muhammad Zafar-ul-Hye Faheema Bakhtawar Sonum Bashir Ashara Sajid Muhammad Asif Shabbir 《Phyton》2021,90(4):1063-1074
Tristeza is a devastating viral disease in all the citrus growing countries throughout the world and has killed millions of citrus trees in severely affected orchards. The citrus species grafted on sour orange rootstock are affected
by this disease. Predominantly, the sweet orange, grapefruit and lime trees grafted on sour orange exhibit severe
symptoms like quick decline, vein clearing, pin holing, bark scaling and degeneration leading to variable symptoms. Symptomatic expression of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) in different hosts has been attributed to virus isolates
which are from severe to mild. Different serological and molecular assays have been deployed to differentiate the
strains of CTV. Citrus tristeza virus is diversified towards its strains on the basis of biological, serological and
molecular characterization. Phenotypic expression is due to genetic alteration and different molecular basis have
now been adopted for strain differentiation. This review will give a brief idea about the different CTV isolates,
their characterization based on nucleic acid and serological assays. Different methods along with salient features
for strain characterization has also been reviewed. This review will also open the new aspects towards formulation
of management strategies through different detection techniques. 相似文献
107.
Molybdenum supply increases root system growth of winter wheat by enhancing nitric oxide accumulation and expression of NRT genes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Imran Muhammad Sun Xuecheng Hussain Saddam Rana Muhammad Shoaib Saleem Muhammad Hamzah Riaz Muhammad Tang Xiangru Khan Imran Hu Chengxiao 《Plant and Soil》2021,462(1-2):235-244
Plant and Soil - Success in agronomic biofortification of maize and wheat is highly variable. This study aimed to elucidate the differences in uptake and translocation of foliar-applied zinc (Zn)... 相似文献
108.
Oluyomi Stephen Adeyemi Nthatisi Innocentia Molefe-Nyembe Abiodun Omokehinde Eseola Winfried Plass Oluwatosin Kudirat Shittu Ibrahim Olatunji Yunusa Olubunmi Atolani Ikponmwosa Owen Evbuomwan Oluwakemi J. Awakan Keisuke Suganuma Kentaro Kato 《The Yale journal of biology and medicine》2021,94(2):199
The Trypanosoma spp. cause animal and human trypanosomiasis characterized with appreciable health and economic burden mostly in developing nations. There is currently no effective therapy for this parasitic disease, due to poor drug efficacy, drug resistance, and unwanted toxicity, etc. Therefore, new anti-Trypanosoma agents are urgently needed. This study explored new series of imidazoles for anti-Trypanosoma properties in vitro and in vivo. The imidazoles showed moderate to strong and specific action against growth of T. congolense. For example, the efficacy of the imidazole compounds to restrict Trypanosoma growth in vitro was ≥ 12-fold specific towards T. congolense relative to the mammalian cells. Additionally, the in vivo study revealed that the imidazoles exhibited promising anti-Trypanosoma efficacy corroborating the in vitro anti-parasite capacity. In particular, three imidazole compounds (C1, C6, and C8) not only cleared the systemic parasite burden but cured infected rats after no death was recorded. On the other hand, the remaining five imidazole compounds (C2, C3, C4, C5, and C7) drastically reduced the systemic parasite load while extending survival time of the infected rats by 14 days as compared with control. Untreated control died 3 days post-infection, while the rats treated with diminazene aceturate were cured comparable to the results obtained for C1, C6, and C8. In conclusion, this is the first study demonstrating the potential of these new series of imidazoles to clear the systemic parasite burden in infected rats. Furthermore, a high selectivity index of imidazoles towards T. congolense in vitro and the oral LD50 in rats support anti-parasite specific action. Together, findings support the anti-parasitic prospects of the new series of imidazole derivatives. 相似文献
109.
110.
Baioumy Asmaa Ali Swelim Hamdy Hamed Ibrahim Ahmed Adly Mohamed Fatma El-Sayed Marzouk Aleya Soliman El-Alfy Sherif Helmy 《Experimental & applied acarology》2021,85(2-4):331-354
Experimental and Applied Acarology - This study examined the acaricidal, histopathological and genotoxic effects of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana on engorged females of the fowl... 相似文献