全文获取类型
收费全文 | 3724篇 |
免费 | 175篇 |
国内免费 | 27篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 9篇 |
2023年 | 75篇 |
2022年 | 174篇 |
2021年 | 314篇 |
2020年 | 158篇 |
2019年 | 183篇 |
2018年 | 249篇 |
2017年 | 152篇 |
2016年 | 223篇 |
2015年 | 269篇 |
2014年 | 293篇 |
2013年 | 287篇 |
2012年 | 301篇 |
2011年 | 252篇 |
2010年 | 159篇 |
2009年 | 141篇 |
2008年 | 139篇 |
2007年 | 124篇 |
2006年 | 86篇 |
2005年 | 79篇 |
2004年 | 52篇 |
2003年 | 42篇 |
2002年 | 33篇 |
2001年 | 8篇 |
2000年 | 7篇 |
1999年 | 8篇 |
1998年 | 11篇 |
1997年 | 8篇 |
1996年 | 9篇 |
1995年 | 10篇 |
1994年 | 7篇 |
1993年 | 8篇 |
1992年 | 8篇 |
1991年 | 5篇 |
1990年 | 1篇 |
1989年 | 5篇 |
1988年 | 2篇 |
1987年 | 5篇 |
1986年 | 2篇 |
1985年 | 3篇 |
1984年 | 2篇 |
1983年 | 3篇 |
1982年 | 5篇 |
1981年 | 4篇 |
1980年 | 2篇 |
1979年 | 2篇 |
1978年 | 2篇 |
1976年 | 1篇 |
1974年 | 3篇 |
1968年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有3926条查询结果,搜索用时 348 毫秒
921.
A rapid, simple in vitro test system for high-throughput screening of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ agonists would be of interest for testing new antidiabetic drugs, alternative medicine, or environmental samples. A yeast two-hybrid assay based on the ligand-dependent recruitment of the coactivator CBP (CREB-binding protein) was constructed. In this system PPARγ was constitutively activated and the signal was not further increased significantly by adding agonists. In yeast we identified oleic acid as a putative endogenous ligand. Furthermore yeasts seem to lack regulatory mechanisms present in mammalian cells. Mammalian systems are an alternative for screening PPARγ agonists. 相似文献
922.
An amperometric lactate biosensor was developed based on a conducting polymer, poly-5,2′-5′,2′′-terthiophene-3′-carboxylic acid (pTTCA), and multiwall carbon nanotube (MWNT) composite on a gold electrode. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and the oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) were subsequently immobilized onto the pTTCA/MWNT composite film. The modified electrode was characterized by quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electrochemical experiments. The detection signal was amplified by the pTTCA/MWNT assembly onto which a sufficient amount of enzyme was immobilized and stabilized by the covalent bond formation between the amine groups of enzyme and the carboxylic acid groups of the pTTCA/MWNT film. Experimental parameters affecting the sensor responses, such as applied potential, pH, and temperature, were assessed and optimized. Analytical performances and dynamic ranges of the sensor were determined, and the results showed that the sensitivity, stability, and reproducibility of the sensor improved significantly using pTTCA/MWNT composite film. The calibration plot was linear (r2 = 0.9995) over the range of 5 to 90 μM. The sensitivity was approximately 0.0106 μA/μM, with a detection limit of 1 μM, based on a signal/noise ratio of 3. The applicability of the sensor for the analysis of l-lactate concentration in commercial milk and human serum samples was demonstrated successfully. 相似文献
923.
Evolution of geminiviruses and their satellites 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Muhammad Shah Nawaz-ul-Rehman 《FEBS letters》2009,583(12):1825-113
Geminiviruses and their satellites have circular single stranded DNA genomes, infecting many crops and weeds across the globe. To successfully invade new hosts, break host resistance, move virus particles within and between plants, geminiviruses and their satellites have evolved a coordinated network of protein interactions, showing a possible evolutionary path. Humans have played an important role in the last century to promote the emergence of many geminivirus diseases, thereby impacting their evolution. The greatest molecular diversity of geminiviruses and their satellites resides in Southeast Asia revealing a possible center of origin. This minireview leads us to a possible general grand scheme of their evolution. 相似文献
924.
Kang SM Joo GJ Hamayun M Na CI Shin DH Kim HY Hong JK Lee IJ 《Biotechnology letters》2009,31(2):277-281
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria with gibberellins (GA)-producing potential were isolated from soil and screened for plant
growth promotion. A new strain, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus SE370, produced extracellular GA and also had phosphate solubilising potential. It produced 10 different gibberellins, including
the bioactive GA1, GA3 and GA4 which were at, respectively, 0.45, 6.2 and 2.8 ng/100 ml. The isolate solubilised tricalcium phosphate and lowered pH of
the medium during the process. Culture filtrates of the organism after growth on broth promoted growth of cucumber, Chinese
cabbage and crown daisy.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
925.
Khan SA Hamayun M Kim HY Yoon HJ Seo JC Choo YS Lee IJ Kim SD Rhee IK Kim JG 《Biotechnology letters》2009,31(2):283-287
Plant growth-promoting endophytic fungi with gibberellin-producing ability were isolated from the roots of Carex kobomugi Ohwi, a common sand-dune plant, and bioassayed for plant growth-promotion. A new strain, Arthrinium phaeospermum KACC43901, promoted growth of waito-c rice and Atriplex gemelinii. Analysis of its culture filtrate showed the presence of bioactive GA1 (0.5 ng/ml), GA3 (8.8 ng/ml), GA4 (4.7 ng/ml) and GA7 (2.2 ng/ml) along with physiologically inactive GA5 (0.4 ng/ml), GA9 (0.6 ng/ml), GA12 (0.4 ng/ml), GA15 (0.4 ng/ml), GA19 (0.9 ng/ml) and GA24 (1.8 ng/ml). The fungal isolate was identified through sequence homology and phylogenetic analysis of 18S rDNA (internal
transcribed region).
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
926.
Hassan Rashidi Muhammad T. Akhtar Frank van der Kooy Robert Verpoorte Wouter A. Duetz 《Applied and environmental microbiology》2009,75(22):7135-7141
The microbial biotransformation of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol was investigated using a collection of 206 alkane-degrading strains. Fifteen percent of these strains, mainly gram-positive strains from the genera Rhodococcus, Mycobacterium, Gordonia, and Dietzia, yielded more-polar derivatives. Eight derivatives were produced on a mg scale, isolated, and purified, and their chemical structures were elucidated with the use of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), and two-dimensional NMR (1H-1H correlation spectroscopy and heteronuclear multiple bond coherence). All eight biotransformation products possessed modified alkyl chains, with hydroxy, carboxy, and ester functionalities. In a number of strains, β-oxidation of the initially formed C5 carboxylic acid led to the formation of a carboxylic acid lacking two methylene groups.Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) is the decarboxylated product of the corresponding Δ9-THC acid, the major cannabinoid present in the cannabis plant (Cannabis sativa L., Cannabaceae). This compound is officially registered as a drug for the stimulation of appetite and antiemesis in patients under chemotherapy and human immunodeficiency virus therapy regimens. Other biological activities ascribed to this compound include lowering intraocular pressure in glaucoma, acting as an analgesic for muscle relaxation, immunosuppression, sedation, bronchodilation, and neuroprotection (11).Δ9-THC and many of its derivatives are highly lipophilic and poorly water soluble. Calculations of the n-octanol/water partition coefficient (Ko/w) of Δ9-THC at neutral pH vary between 6,000, using the shake flask method (15), and 9.44 × 106, by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography estimation (19). The poor water solubility and high lipophilicity of cannabinoids cause their absorption across the lipid bilayer membranes and fast elimination from blood circulation. In terms of the “Lipinsky rule of 5” (14), the high lipophilicity of cannabinoids hinders the further development of these compounds into large-scale pharmaceutical products.To generate more water-soluble analogues, one can either apply de novo chemical synthesis (as, e.g., in reference 16) or modify naturally occurring cannabinoids, e.g., by introducing hydroxy, carbonyl, or carboxy groups. Chemical hydroxylation of compounds such as cannabinoids is difficult (Δ9-THC is easily converted into Δ8-THC under mild conditions), and therefore microbial biotransformation of cannabinoids is potentially a more fruitful option to achieve this goal.So far, studies on biotransformation of Δ9-THC were mainly focused on fungi, which led to the formation of a number of mono- and dihydroxylated derivatives. Previous reports on the biotransformation of cannabinoids by various microorganisms are summarized in Table Table1.1. The aim of the present study was to test whether bacterial strains are capable of transforming Δ9-THC into new products (with potentially better pharmaceutical characteristics) at a higher yield and specificity than previously found for fungal strains. For this purpose, we have chosen to use a collection of alkane-degrading strains, since it was shown in previous studies (8, 18, 20) that alkane oxygenases often display a broad substrate range. Production of novel cannabinoid derivatives that might have interesting pharmacological activities was another objective of this project.
Open in a separate windowaCBD, cannabidiol; CBN, cannabinol. 相似文献
TABLE 1.
Previous biotransformation experiments conducted using various microorganisms to transform cannabinoidsCannabinoid(s)a | Microorganism(s) used | No. of transformed products | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Δ9-THC | Cunninghamella blakesleeana | 6 | 3 |
Δ8-THC | Pellicularia filamentosa | 4 | 21 |
Δ8-THC | Streptomyces lavendulae | 4 | 21 |
Δ6a,10a-THC | 400 cultures (soil microorganisms) | Various | 1 |
Nabilone | 400 cultures (soil microorganisms) | Various | 1 |
Δ6a,10a-THC | 358 cultures containing bacteria, actinomycetes, and molds | 3 | 10 |
Δ9-THC, Δ8-THC, CBD, CBN | Syncephalastrum racemosum, Mycobacterium rhodochrous | Various | 17 |
Δ9-THC | Chaetomium globosum | 3 | 7 |
Δ9-THC | 51 fungal strains | 8 | 4 |
Nabilone | Microbes | Various | 2 |
Δ9-THC | Fusarium nivale, Gibberella fujikuroi, and Thamnidium elegans | 8 | 5 |
927.
Kazi TG Jalbani N Kazi N Arain MB Jamali MK Afridi HI Kandhro GA Sarfraz RA Shah AQ Ansari R 《Biological trace element research》2009,127(1):16-27
The determination of toxic metals (TMs) in the biological samples of human beings is an important clinical screening procedure.
The aim of this work is to determine total content of TMs, aluminum (Al), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) in scalp
hair samples of chronic kidney male patients (CKPs) on maintenance hemodialysis, during the period of 2005–2007. The study
included 115 CKPs (all smokers) and 150 controls or referents [82 (nonsmokers) and 68 (smokers)]. Both controls and patients
(males) were of the same age group (ranged 25–55 years), socioeconomic status, localities, and dietary habits. The scalp hair
samples were analyzed by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometer, prior to microwave-induced acid digestion. The accuracy
of the total Al, Cd, Ni, and Pb measurements was tested by simultaneously analyzing certified reference material (human hair
NCS ZC81002). No significant differences were observed between the analytical results and the certified values (paired t test at p > 0.05). The levels of TMs in scalp hair samples of patients were found to be higher as compared to control nonsmoker and
smokers. Moreover, the study shows that levels of Al, Cd, Ni, and Pb in scalp hair samples may be useful to evaluate the impact
of cigarette smoking in kidney failure patients. 相似文献
928.
Pheromones are innate products, exploited for direct population manipulation in the trapping of precise pest density. They demonstrate feasibility and efficiency against Helicopverpa armigera at five different cotton-based agro-ecological sites: river site, vegetable farm, orchard, clean cultivation site, and forest. The data were recorded at 15–20 day intervals from 8 September 2004 to 1 December 2006. The Number of moths caught during the study period demonstrated that the vegetable farm showed the maximum population of moths per trap (0.54), followed by the orchard (0.29), forest (0.19), river (0.15), and clean cultivation site (0.12). During 2004, rainfall (in the orchard and clean cultivation site) and relative humidity (in the clean cultivation site) showed positive and significant correlation with the number of moths caught. During 2005, temperatures played a significant and positive role in population fluctuation of the pest almost at all the selected sites; the minimum temperature was recorded at the vegetable farm and the average temperature was found at the forest site. Rainfall also showed a significant and positive correlation with trapped moths in the vegetable farm, orchard, and clean cultivation site. During 2006, relative humidity showed a significant and negative correlation with the trapped population at all the sites except the river site. Rainfall showed a negative and significant correlation with the pest at the forest site. Relative humidity was the most important aspect at 8.93% causing variation in the trapped population followed by maximum temperature (5.7%), rainfall (1.63%), average temperature (0.74%), and minimum temperature (0.56%). 相似文献
929.
A survey was conducted with the aim to document the indigenous information of Charkotli Hills, Batkhela District, Malakand, Pakistan. The area has rich vegetation and a high potential for ethnobotanical utiliza-tion. Information was collected on various traditional uses of 100 plants distributed over 49 families, of which 43 families were of dicot, 2 of monocot, 2 of pteridophyta, and 1 of gymnosperms. Most plants have more than one local use. Sixty-six plants were found to be medicinal species, 21 fruit and edible seed species, 11 furniture species, 18 fodder or forage species, 12 vegetable species, 12 fuel species, 11 thatching and building species, 5 hedge or fencing species, 5 timber wood species, 5 poisonous plants, 3 species used in ketchup, 2 fixed oil yielding species, 2 miswak species, 2 species for making sticks for cattle and defense purposes, 2 species cultivated for ornamental purposes, 2 species used as mehindi by girls, 1 irritant species, 1 species for the making of Salai (a little stick for applying 'surma' to the eyes), 1 species for tanning, 1 species used as refresher in milk pots, 1 species giving gum used as chewing gum, and 1 species used as insect repellent. The area is under heavy pressure of deforestation and overgrazing, which have reduced the regeneration of woody plants. Proper ecological manage-ment is required to protect the wildlife and ethnobotanical resources for the coming generations. 相似文献
930.