质膜NAD(P)H氧化酶参予金瓜炭疽(Colletotrichum lagerarium)细胞壁激发子诱导人参细胞产生激发反应(英文)

在人参(Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer)悬浮细胞质膜上测出了NAD(P)H氧化酶活性。这类NAD(P)H氧化酶活性可以被金瓜炭疽细胞壁激发子(Cle)诱导。Cle处理还能诱导人参悬浮细胞的氧进发、促进人参悬浮细胞的皂苷合成、提高苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)的活力、以及诱导查尔式酮酶(CHS)的累积和细胞壁上抗性相关蛋白基因脯氨酸富裕蛋白基因hrgp(Hydroxyprolin-rich glycoproleins)的表达。当用哺乳动物白细胞质膜NADPH氧化酶的特异性抑制剂二亚苯基碘(Diphenylene iodonium,DPI)与奎吖因(quinacrine)预处理人参悬浮细胞30 min 后,Cle诱导的H2O2释放与Cle激活的质膜NAD(P)H氧化酶活性被抑制,同时Cle诱导的PAL活性及CHS的积累下降,皂苷合成与hrgp的表达被抑制。由此推测:人参细胞质膜NAD(P)H氧化酶与哺乳动物白细胞质膜NADPH氧化酶有很大的相似性。在Cle激发人参悬浮细胞产生氧进发的过程中,NAD(P)H氧化酶活性被诱导从而导致H2O2的产生,H2O2作为第二信使,激活苯丙氨酸途径,诱发人参皂苷的合成及hrgp防御基因的表达。这一过程中还涉及到Ca2+内流,胞内Ca2+浓度的升高,蛋白磷酸化与去磷酸化。人参细胞质膜NAD(P)H氧化酶在人参细胞对Cle的反应过程中起一种介导作用。因此可能存在由Cle刺激,NAD(P)H氧化酶被诱导,H2O2释放,到人     

Folk Phytotherapy in Paediatric Health Care in Central and Southern Italy: a Review

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) consists of systems and practices used to prevent or treat illness, and/or promote health and wellbeing, generally with herbal remedies. In recent decades, ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological surveys have received increased attention among populations in central and southern Italy traditionally highly conservative regarding knowledge of folk medicine. This review highlights the use of wild and cultivated plants in paediatric health care. From a search of articles published between 1978 and 2017 we found a total of 34 containing reports of medicinal plants specifically used for treating children’s diseases, listing 83 taxa belonging to 37 families in 116 recorded cases of medicinal plant use. Tuscany has the highest number of plant use reports and the highest number of species used in a single region, followed by Campania and Sicily. Allium sativum is the most widely reported species, cited in eight regions. We identified eight ailment categories. Plants used as anthelmintics and for gastro-intestinal and skin diseases are widely used.     

人肺腺癌细胞分化相关基因cDNAs的克隆

在用10^-5 mol/L全反式维甲酸(RA)诱导人肺腺癌细胞系GLC-82分化的基础上,以M13噬菌粒pSPORT1为载体,应用定向克隆技术,分别构建了未经RA诱导和RA诱导1d及4d细胞的3个cDNA文库.以含重组子的诱导文库单链DNA为靶标(Target)同未诱导文库的cDNA驱除子(Driver)进行消减杂交,富集RA特异性单链DNA,将富集的单链DNA回复为双链后转化感受态菌,建立细胞诱导分化过程中活化表达基因的cDNA消减文库,得到124个cDNA消减克隆.经同源性分析和与文库总cDNA作Southern印迹杂交,进而与RA诱导前后细胞的RNA作Northern印迹杂交,筛选出2个(RA5,RA28)诱导后呈早期瞬时表达和1个(RA42)呈早期并持续表达的cDNA克隆,cDNA全长分别为1.8,1.5和0.7kb.序列测定及初步功能分析结果表明,RA5,RA28和RA42这3个首次报道的序列,可能是人肺腺癌细胞分化相关基因的cDNA克隆.     

Proteomic analysis of necroptotic extracellular vesicles

Necroptosis is a regulated and inflammatory form of cell death. We, and others, have previously reported that necroptotic cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs). We have found that necroptotic EVs are loaded with proteins, including the phosphorylated form of the key necroptosis-executing factor, mixed lineage kinase domain-like kinase (MLKL). However, neither the exact protein composition, nor the impact, of necroptotic EVs have been delineated. To characterize their content, EVs from necroptotic and untreated U937 cells were isolated and analyzed by mass spectrometry-based proteomics. A total of 3337 proteins were identified, sharing a high degree of similarity with exosome proteome databases, and clearly distinguishing necroptotic and control EVs. A total of 352 proteins were significantly upregulated in the necroptotic EVs. Among these were MLKL and caspase-8, as validated by immunoblot. Components of the ESCRTIII machinery and inflammatory signaling were also upregulated in the necroptotic EVs, as well as currently unreported components of vesicle formation and transport, and necroptotic signaling pathways. Moreover, we found that necroptotic EVs can be phagocytosed by macrophages to modulate cytokine and chemokine secretion. Finally, we uncovered that necroptotic EVs contain tumor neoantigens, and are enriched with components of antigen processing and presentation. In summary, our study reveals a new layer of regulation during the early stage of necroptosis, mediated by the secretion of specific EVs that influences the microenvironment and may instigate innate and adaptive immune responses. This study sheds light on new potential players in necroptotic signaling and its related EVs, and uncovers the functional tasks accomplished by the cargo of these necroptotic EVs.Subject terms: Necroptosis, Cell death and immune response     

A multi-trait systems approach reveals a response cascade to bleaching in corals

Background

Climate change causes the breakdown of the symbiotic relationships between reef-building corals and their photosynthetic symbionts (genus Symbiodinium), with thermal anomalies in 2015–2016 triggering the most widespread mass coral bleaching on record and unprecedented mortality on the Great Barrier Reef. Targeted studies using specific coral stress indicators have highlighted the complexity of the physiological processes occurring during thermal stress, but have been unable to provide a clear mechanistic understanding of coral bleaching.

Results

Here, we present an extensive multi-trait-based study in which we compare the thermal stress responses of two phylogenetically distinct and widely distributed coral species, Acropora millepora and Stylophora pistillata, integrating 14 individual stress indicators over time across a simulated thermal anomaly. We found that key stress responses were conserved across both taxa, with the loss of symbionts and the activation of antioxidant mechanisms occurring well before collapse of the physiological parameters, including gross oxygen production and chlorophyll a. Our study also revealed species-specific traits, including differences in the timing of antioxidant regulation, as well as drastic differences in the production of the sulfur compound dimethylsulfoniopropionate during bleaching. Indeed, the concentration of this antioxidant increased two-fold in A. millepora after the corals started to bleach, while it decreased 70% in S. pistillata.

Conclusions

We identify a well-defined cascading response to thermal stress, demarking clear pathophysiological reactions conserved across the two species, which might be central to fully understanding the mechanisms triggering thermally induced coral bleaching. These results highlight that bleaching is a conserved mechanism, but specific adaptations linked to the coral’s antioxidant capacity drive differences in the sensitivity and thus tolerance of each coral species to thermal stress.

     

Production of Manoalide and Its Analogues by the Sponge <Emphasis Type="Italic">Luffariella variabilis</Emphasis> Is Hardwired

The Great Barrier Reef sponge Luffariella variabilis (Poléjaeff 1884) produces a range of potent anti-inflammatory compounds as its major metabolites. These major metabolites—manoalide monoacetate, manoalide, luffariellin A and seco-manoalide—were monitored temporally and spatially to quantify the potential yield from wild harvest or aquaculture. Production of the major metabolites was hardwired at the population level with little variation in space and time over meters to tens of kilometers in the Palm Islands, Queensland, Australia. Manoalide monoacetate (35 to 70 mg g⁻¹ dry weight of sponge) was consistently the most abundant compound followed by manoalide (15 to 20 mg g⁻¹ dry weight). Luffariellin A and seco-manoalide were 10 to 70 times less abundant and varied between 0 and 3 mg g⁻¹ dry weight. On a larger spatial scale, L. variabilis from Davies Reef and Magnetic Island contained the same rank order and yields of compounds as the Palm Islands, indicating a generality of pattern over at least 100 km. The “hardwiring” of metabolite production at the population level by L. variabilis was also reflected in the lack of any inductive effect on metabolite production. In addition, individually monitored sponges produced fixed ratios of the major metabolites over time (years). However, these ratios varied between individuals, with some individuals consistently producing high levels of manoalide and manoalide monoacetate, providing the potential for selection of high-yielding stocks.     

东亚飞蝗hunchback基因在卵子形成和胚胎发育过程中的原位表达

hb（hunchback）基因是昆虫胚胎前后轴模式形成的关键基因．对东亚飞蝗（Locusta migratoria manilensis,Meyen）hb基因的功能已有报道,但其表达模式还不清楚．为了研究胁基因在东亚飞蝗卵子形成和胚胎发育过程中的时空表达情况,本研究采用免疫组化方法在蛋白质水平上检测了hb基因的时空表达模式．在卵子形成过程中,hb基因局限在卵细胞核区中表达,随着卵子的发育逐渐移至卵细胞的后端;卵受精后,核区里的Hb蛋白向外扩散,在卵后端形成浓度梯度;胚盘期,hb基因在胚盘中央呈带状表达;胚盘分化为原头和原躯干后,表达条带变宽,并呈现出梯度表达,该表达区域将形成颌、胸部的部分体节;随着腹节开始形成,hb基因在颌胸部的表达逐渐减弱,而在腹部后端的“生长区”表达,并呈现出不连续性．经比较,hb易基因在昆虫颌胸部的表达较为保守,而在卵子形成过程中和腹部的表达具有较大的变异性．与黑腹果蝇等长胚带昆虫相比,东亚飞蝗hb基因在体节形成的基因级联调控中具有更重要、更直接的调控作用．