Alu insertions in the Iberian Peninsula and north west Africa--genetic boundaries or melting pot?

The Western Mediterranean Basin joins a set of ethnically different populations as Iberians and Basques in the North shore and Berbers and Arab-speakers in the South one. In spite of this differentiation, they have maintained historical contacts since ancient times. The existence of a possible common genetic background (specially for Berbers and Iberians) together with the genetic impact of the Islamic occupation of the Iberian Peninsula during 7 centuries are some of the intriguing anthropological questions that have been studied in this area using several classical and DNA markers. The aim of this work is to present the results on a survey of polymorphic Alu elements in 10 human populations of the Western Mediterranean. Recent Alu subfamilies include a significant number of polymorphic Alu insertions in humans. The polymorphic Alu elements are neutral genetic markers of identical descent with known ancestral states. This fact turns Alu insertions into useful markers for the study of human population genetics. A total number of 14 Alu insertions were analyzed in 5 Iberian populations, 3 Berber groups from North-Western Africa, an Arab-speaker population from Morocco and a sub-Saharan ethnic group from Ivory Coast. The results of this study allow the genetic characterization of Berber populations, which show a certain degree of differentiation from Arab-speaking groups of the same geographic area. Furthermore, a closer genetic distance between South Spain and Moroccan Berbers as compared with other Spanish samples supports a major genetic influx consistent with some (but not all) previous genetic studies on populations from the two shores of the Gibraltar Straits.     

lH-Pyrazolo[3,4-b]quinolin-3-amine derivatives inhibit growth of colon cancer cells via apoptosis and sub G1 cell cycle arrest

A series of lH-pyrazolo[3,4-b]quinolin-3-amine derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for anticancer efficacy in a panel of ten cancer cell lines, including breast (MDAMB-231 and MCF-7), colon (HCT-116, HCT-15, HT-29 and LOVO), prostate (DU-145 and PC3), brain (LN-229), ovarian (A2780), and human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells, a non-cancerous cell line. Among the eight derivatives screened, compound QTZ05 had the most potent and selective antitumor efficacy in the four colon cancer cell lines, with IC₅₀ values ranging from 2.3 to 10.2?µM. Furthermore, QTZ05 inhibited colony formation in HCT-116 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Cell cycle analysis data indicated that QTZ05 caused an arrest in the sub G1 cell cycle in HCT-116 cells. QTZ05 induced apoptosis in HCT-116 cells in a concentration-dependent manner that was characterized by chromatin condensation and increase in the fluorescence of fluorochrome-conjugated Annexin V. The findings from our study suggest that QTZ05 may be a valuable prototype for the development of chemotherapeutics targeting apoptotic pathways in colorectal cancer cells.     

Mit dem integrierten pflanzenschutz ins neue jahrtausend*

Mit dem integrierten Pflanzenschutz steht zu Beginn des neuen Jahrtausends eine Strategie zur Verfügung, die einer modernen, wettbewerbsfähigen Landwirtschaft eine nachhaltige und ökologisch fundierte Entwicklung sichert. Die Absicht, die biologische Bekämpfung in landwirtschaftlichen Kulturpflanzenbeständen als Alternative zum chemischen Pflanzenschutz zu etablieren, hat sich als Fehlorientierung erwiesen. Gezielten, d.h. auf Basis wissenschaftlich fundierter Schad‐ oder Bekämpfungsschwellen beruhenden chemischen Maßnahmen gegen Schädlinge, Krankheitserreger und Unkräuter kommt auch zukünftig eine überragende Bedeutung zu. Im Vorfeld des chemischen Pflanzenschutzes verdienen acker‐ und pflanzenbauliche Kulturmaßnahmen und die Resistenzzüchtung besondere Beachtung. Letztere dürfte durch die Nutzung der modernen Gentechnik und Biotechnologie völlig neuartige Impulse erhalten, zu überraschenden Lösungen bei der Schaderregerbekämpfung führen und somit auch den Umfang des chemischen Pflanzenschutzes reduzieren helfen.

Die unverzichtbare Integration ökologischer Belange in den landwirtschaftlichen Pflanzenschutz muss mit Sachkunde, Realitätsnähe und auf der Grundlage wissenschaftlich fundierter Ergebnisse und Aussagen erfolgen. Wichtig ist vor allem die exakte Kenntnis der aktuellen ökologischen Situation, um Fehlinterpretationen zu vermeiden und Wunschdenken und spekulativen Aussagen den Nährboden zu entziehen.

In der ökologischen Forschung stehen seit Jahrzehnten die epigäischen Raubarthro‐poden, namentlich Webspinnen (Araneae), Laufkäfer (Carabidae) und Kurzflügelkäfer (Staphylinidae), im Mittelpunkt des Interesses, da sie wertvolle Bioindikatoren für Diversität, Stabilität und Belastbarkeit auch von Agrarökosystemen darstellen.

Vergleichende ökologische Studien auf großen Winterweizenflächen in einer “ausgeräumten”;, strukturarmen Agrarlandschaft in Sachsen‐Anhalt (Raum Halle/Saale) und auf einem kleinen Winterweizenfeld in einer reich strukturierten Feldflur in Niedersachsen (Raum Braunschweig) belegen eindrucksvoll, dass bei Beachtung der Normen des integrierten Pflanzenschutzes auf großen Schlägen keine ökologischen Defizite eintreten. Bei Webspinnen und Laufkäfern konnte in den großen Beständen sogar eine signifikant höhere Artendichte gegenüber der kleinen Fläche registriert werden.

Ergebnisse über den Einfiuss chemischer Maßnahmen auf die epigäische Fauna liegen von zwei großen Kulturflächen in Obhausen und Peißen (beide Sachsen‐Anhalt) für eine fünfjährige Fruchtfolge vor. Von den sechs Großparzellen (72 m x 200 m) auf jedem Feld dienten zwei als Kontrolle (ohne chemischen Pflanzenschutz), auf zwei Teilstücken gelangten chemische Pflanzenschutzmittel nach dem Schadschwellenkonzept zur Anwendung (integrierter Pflanzenschutz) und auf zwei weiteren Parzellen wurde ein intensiver Einsatz chemischer Mittel praktiziert. Insgesamt konnten etwa 350 000 Arthropoden gefangen und zumeist auch determiniert werden. Die Arten‐ und Individuendichten der Webspinnen, Laufkäfer und Kurzflügler erreichten während der Untersuchungszeit durchgängig hohe Werte, wobei zwischen den Varianten “Kontrolle”; und “integrierter Pflanzenschutz”; kaum Unterschiede auszumachen waren. Selbst im Versuchsglied “intensiver Pflanzenschutz”; erwiesen sich die gelegentlichen Defizite in den Arten‐ und Individuenspektren keineswegs als gravierend, sondern stets als kurzzeitige Effekte. Zum Versuchsende ergaben sich für alle Parzellen nahezu identische Werte für die Entomofauna.

Beachtung verdient auch die Tatsache, dass auf den Parzellen ein Drittel aller für Sachsen‐Anhalt bekannten Webspinnen gefunden wurde (158 Spezies). Gleichermaßen bedeutsam ist der Nachweis von zahlreichen “Rote‐Liste‐Arten”; an Webspinnen und Laufkäfern sowie der Wiederfund einer Webspinne, die in Deutschland als ausgestorben gilt (Nurscia albomaculata Lucas). “Ökologische Reparaturleistungen”; in Gestalt einer Anlage von Saumbiotopen, Hecken, Ackerrandstreifen usw. sind demnach nicht vonnöten. Der Landwirtschaft und dem chemischen Pflanzenschutz einen Verlust oder zumindest einen Rückgang der biologischen Diversität anzulasten, entbehrt angesichts der vorgelegten Fakten und Zahlen jeglicher Grundlage. Auch ein Vergleich der ökologischen Gegebenheiten in den Agrargebieten Mitteldeutschlands in den 50er und 90er Jahren lieferte für spekulative Annahmen keine Anhaltspunkte und Argumente. Es muss vielmehr angenommen werden, dass über das gesamte vergangene Jahrhundert hinweg die Agrarökosysteme mit ihrem Arteninventar, trotz aller Wandlungen in der Landwirtschaft und im Pflanzenschutz, stabil geblieben sind.     

The endophytic Aspergillus strains: A bountiful source of natural products

Fungi that invade plant inner tissues without inducing disease symptoms are known as fungal endophytes. They represent a promising and tremendous reservoir of natural products with valuable biological potentials for application in medicine, agriculture and industry. Among the numerous existing endophytic fungi, Aspergillus strains constitute one of the most prolific sources of secondary metabolites with diverse chemical classes and interesting biological activities. This review covers the literature of the year 2020, reporting the isolation of 202 compounds obtained from more than 10 different endophytic Aspergillus species associated with different host plants. Analysis and interpretation of the collected data revealed that chemical investigation of endophytes belonging to the genus Aspergillus may greatly contribute to the discovery of potential drug leads. The isolated metabolites were chemically various and exhibited diverse biological activities such as antibacterial, anti-cancer, anti-plasmodial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunosuppressive and antifungal activities. Moreover, adoption of advanced technology in molecular biology together with modern chemical tools is anticipated to improve the discovery of new biopharmaceuticals from this valuable microbial world in the future.     

2-Arylquinolines as novel anticancer agents with dual EGFR/FAK kinase inhibitory activity: synthesis,biological evaluation,and molecular modelling insights

In this study, different assortments of 2-arylquinolines and 2,6-diarylquinolines have been developed. Recently, we have developed a new series of 6,7-dimethoxy-4-alkoxy-2-arylquinolines as Topoisomerase I (TOP1) inhibitors with potent anticancer activity. Utilising the SAR outputs from this study, we tried to enhance anticancer and TOP1 inhibitory activities. Though target quinolines demonstrated potent antiproliferative effect, specifically against colorectal cancer DLD-1 and HCT-116, they showed weak TOP1 inhibition which may be attributable to their non-coplanarity. Thereafter, screening against kinase panel revealed their dual inhibitory activity against EGFR and FAK. Quinolines 6f, 6h, 6i, and 20f were the most potent EGFR inhibitors (IC₅₀s = 25.39, 20.15, 22.36, and 24.81 nM, respectively). Meanwhile, quinolines 6f, 6h, 6i, 16d, and 20f exerted the best FAK inhibition (IC₅₀s = 22.68, 14.25, 18.36, 17.36, and 15.36 nM, respectively). Finally, molecular modelling was employed to justify the promising EGFR/FAK inhibition. The study outcomes afforded the first reported quinolines with potent EGFR/FAK dual inhibition.     

Novel technique for biliary reconstruction using an isolated gastric tube with a vascularized pedicle: a live animal experimental study and the first clinical case

Background

Biliary tract reconstruction continues to be a challenging surgical problem. Multiple experimental attempts have been reported to reconstruct biliary defects with different materials and variable outcome. Our aim was to evaluate a new method for biliary reconstruction using an isolated pedicled gastric tube in a live animal trial and also to present the first clinical case.

Methods

Seven mongrel dogs underwent biliary reconstruction using gastric tube harvested, completely separated from the greater curvature, and based on a vascularized pedicle with the right gastroepiploic vessels. The tube was interposed between the common bile duct (CBD) and the duodenum. Postoperative mortality, morbidity, liver functions, gross and microscopic histological picture were assessed. The first clinical case was also presented where, in a patient with post-cholecystectomy biliary injury, an isolated pedicled gastric tube was interposed between the proximal and distal ends of the CBD.

Results

One dog did not recover from anesthesia and another one died postoperatively from septic peritonitis. Five dogs survived the procedure and showed uneventful course and no cholestasis. The mean anastomotic circumference was 4.8 mm (range 4-6) for CBD anastomosis and 6.2 mm (range 5-7) for duodenal anastomosis. Histologically, anastomotic sites showed good evidence of healing. In the first clinical case, the patient showed clinical and biochemical improvement. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography was feasible and assured patent biliary anastomoses.

Conclusion

In mongrel dogs, biliary reconstruction using pedicled gastric tube interposition between CBD and duodenum is feasible with satisfactory clinical results, anastomotic circumference and histological evidence of healing. The technique is also feasible in human and seems to be promising.     

The uptake of lead by small intestine,colon and gallbladder of the guinea pig in vivo

Summary The binding and uptake of lead by the jejunal, colonic and gallbladder epithelium of guinea pig has been investigated by electron microscopy. Binding occurred rapidly, the most marked by the microvilli was by the jejunum, followed by colon and gallbladder. The tracer was subsequently internalised in small membrane bound vesicles and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. By 30 min, it appeared in multivesicular bodies at all three sites.     

Estradiol-dependent regulation of angiopoietin expression in breast cancer cells

Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) is a ligand for Tie-2 receptors and a promoter of angiogenesis. Angiogenesis plays an important role in breast cancer, as it is one of the critical events required for tumors to grow and metastasize. In this study, we investigated the influence of estradiol (E2) on the expression of angiopoietins in breast cancer cell lines. Ang-1 mRNA and protein expressions were significantly higher in estrogen receptor-negative (ERα-) breast cancer cells than in estrogen receptor-positive (ERα+) cells. Exposure of ERα+ cells to E2 resulted in further reductions of Ang-1 levels. In mouse mammary pads inoculated with breast cancer cells, both tumor size and Ang-1 production were significantly lower in ERα+ cell-derived xenografts, as compared to those derived from ERα- cells. Reduction of circulating levels of E2 by ovariectomy eliminated this response. Overall, these results indicate that Ang-1 mRNA and protein expressions: (1) negatively correlate with the level of ERα in breast cancer cell lines; (2) are downregulated by E2 in an ERα dependent manner; and (3) positively correlate with the degree of angiogenesis in vivo. We conclude that Ang-1 is an important modulator of growth and progression of ERα- breast cancers.