Aeration requirements ofRhizobium cultures

Summary To obtain a high concentration ofRhizobium in broth cultures, the process conditions should be adjusted to the medium and strain used. Oxygen may be a growth-limiting factor if the micro-organism requirements are not satisfied. In this work the process conditions in shake flasks and stirred fermenters were established, based on the oxygen supply rate, in relation to the cell oxygen demand of the variousRhizobium strains used in inoculant preparations. The strains used wereRhizobium meliloti B-36,R. phaseoli F-10,R. trifolii A-22,Rhizobium spp. LL-22,R-leguminosarum D-91 andR. japonicum 5019. They had maximum oxygen demand rates from 135 to 360 ml O₂/l/h in media containing 10 g of carbon source/l, 4 g of yeast extract/l and mineral salts. When the operations were conducted in Erlenmeyer flasks with a volume liquid/volume flask of 0.150 in a rotary shaker at 250 rev/min and 2.5 cm eccentricity, the oxygen absorption rate was 355 ml O₂/l/h. In mechanically stirred fermenters with a liquid depth/fermenter diameter of 1, with an agitation rate of 250 to 450 rev/min and an air flow rate of 0.5 v/v/min, the bacteria had oxygen absorption rates of between 233 and 661 ml O₂/l/h. These conditions allowed the attainment of 1.2 to 2.4×10¹⁰ viable cells/ml from between 24 and 72 h.

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Resumen Para obtener alta concentración de células deRhizobium en caldos de fermentación deben ajustarse las condiciones de proceso al medio y cepas utilizadas. El oxígeno puede resultar uno de los factores limitante del crecimiento si no satisfacen las necesidades del microorganismo. En el presente trabajo se establecen condiciones de proceso en Erlenmeyers agitados y en fermentadores en base a la velocidad de absorción de oxígeno y relación a la demanda para los medios y las distintas cepas utilizadas en la preparación de inoculantes. Las cepas empleadas,Rhizobium meliloti B-36;R. phaseoli F-10;R. trifolii A-22;Rhizobium spp. LL-22;R. leguminosarum D-91; yR. japonicum 5019, presentaron máximos valores de demanda de oxígeno en el rango de 135 a 360 ml O₂/l/h en medios que contienen 10g/l de fuente de carbono, 4g/l de extracto de levadura y sales minerales. Para las especies indicadas se estableció que operando en agitador rotatorio a 250 r.p.m. y 2,5 cm de excentricidad deben utilizarse Erlenmeyers con una relación de volumen de líquido a volumen de frasco de 0,150 (para estas condiciones la velocidad de absorción de oxígeno es de 355 ml O₂/l/h) mientras que en fermentadores con agitación mecánica y para una relación de altura de líquido a diámetro de tanque igual a uno las condiciones establecidas se encuentran comprendidas en el ámbito de velocidades de agitación de 250 a 450 r.p.m. y caudal de aire de 0,5 v/v/min (estos valores corresponden a velocidades de absorción de oxígeno comprendidas entre 233 a 61 ml O₂/l/h). Las condiciones indicadas permiten obtener concentraciones celulares de 1,2 a 2,4×10¹⁰ cel/ml en tiempos de 24 a 72 horas de proceso.

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Résumé Pour obtenir une haute concentration de cellules deRhizobium dans des milieux de fermentation, il faut ajuster les conditions de processus au milieu et aux souches utilisés. L'oxygène peut être un des facteurs limitants de la croissance du microorganisme si ses besoins ne sont pas assouvis. Dans ce travail, pour les milieux employés, on établit des conditions de processus dans des Erlenmeyers et dans des fermenteurs. Ces conditions se basent sur la vitesse d'absorption d'oxygène et sur la demande cellulaire, de différentes souches deRhizobium, utilisées dans la préparation d'inoculants. Les souches employées sont:Rhizobium meliloti B-36;R. phaseoli F-10;R. trifolii A-22;Rhizobium spp. LL-22;R. leguminosarum D-91 etR. japonicum 5019. Elles ont presenté des valeurs du besoin maxima d'oxygène entre 135 et 360 ml O₂/l/h dans des milieux contenant 10g/l de source de carbone, 4g/l d'extrait de levure et sels minéraux. Pour les espèces indiquées, en opérant dans un agitateur rotatif à 250 tours/minute et 2,5 cm d'excentricité on a établi qu'il faut utiliser des Erlenmeyers dont le rapport volume de milieu liquide/volume de récipient est 0,150 (pour ces conditions, la vitesse d'absorption d'oxygène est 355 ml O₂/l/h); tandis que dans des fermenteurs avec agitation mécanique et pour un rapport hauteur de milieu liquide/diamètre de tank égal à l, les conditions établies se trouvent entre vitesses d'agitation de 250 à 450 tours/minute et un débit d'air de 0,5 litre par volume de milieu et par minute (ces valeurs d'operation correspondent aux vitesses d'absorption d'oxygène de 233 à 661 ml O₂/l/h). Ces conditions permettent d'obtenir des concentrations cellulaires de 1,2 à 2,4×10¹⁰ cellules viables par millilitre apres 24 à 72 heures de processus.

     

Salmon calcitonin inhibits human sperm motility in vitro

We have evaluated by a stroboscopic technique the in vitro effect of salmon calcitonin and human calcitonin on the motility of human migrated spermatozoa. We report here that human calcitonin is uneffective while salmon calcitonin is a potent inhibitor of the sperm motility. This salmon calcitonin action is abolished by the preincubation of the peptide with an anti-salmon calcitonin antiserum, demonstrating the specificity of the effect. In addition, we provide evidence that the release of intracellular calcium represents a necessary step for the action of the peptide. In fact, the salmon calcitonin effect is prevented in a dose-dependent way by dantrolene sodium which inhibits the release of calcium from intracellular stores while the calcium channel blocker verapamil is unefficacious. These results suggest a potential role for calcitonin in regulating human sperm motility.     

Detection of sexually transmitted diseases by urethral cytology, the ignored male counterpart of cervical cytology

The detection of sexually transmitted diseases by urethral cytology was investigated in 270 men examined by urethral swabbing smears. Each sample was used to prepare a wet mount smear and smears for staining by the Papanicolaou, Gram and methylene blue techniques. A fifth smear was used for direct staining with fluorescein-conjugated monoclonal antibodies for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis. The smears were examined for cytoplasmic and nuclear changes as well as for pathogenic organisms and inflammatory changes. Infections with Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and human papillomavirus (HPV) produced distinctive cytologic patterns similar to those seen in cervicovaginal smears from women. The patterns in candidiasis, trichomoniasis and herpes simplex virus infection were not as diagnostic. Particularly noteworthy were the nuclear alterations, which appeared to be proplastic in HPV infection but retroplastic in Chlamydia infection. The results of this study indicate that urethral cytology would be an invaluable addition in diagnosing sexually transmitted diseases in men, particularly in the case of Chlamydia and HPV infections. The monomorphic structure of urethral columnar epithelium, as compared to the cervical epithelium, seems to result in a clearer and more constant response to pathogenic infections, as seen in the resulting smears.     

Inhibition of DNA polymerization and DNA transcription to RNA by seminal plasma peptides

An oligopeptide fraction purified from the extracellular compartment of bull semen and strongly interacting with DNA was shown to hinder mononucleotide polymerizations to DNA and RNA in vitro. The fraction, collectively called seminal plasma inhibitor, was active in the endogenous DNA and RNA polymerase reactions of the nuclei from rat hepatocytes and in the analogous nucleotide polymerizations catalyzed by purified enzymes of bacterial origin. The type of the induced inhibition was studied using the RNA polymerase from Escherichia coli as a representative nucleotidyl transferase. In the enzymatic polycondensation of mononucleotides, the seminal plasma inhibitor appeared to exert its effect mainly by a competitive inhibition for the utilization of DNA templates without specificity with respect to the source and the base sequence of DNA. Concavities of the plots of V0/Vi versus the amounts of inhibitor in the nucleotide polymerizing reactions and of the Dixon plots in the assays of RNA polymerase from E. coli suggested that the isolated oligopeptide fraction contained more than one active molecular species with differential effects at low and high doses. Preliminary results on the microheterogeneity of the seminal plasma inhibitor supported this contention.     

Genetic diversity and reproductive ecology of the sage-leaved rockrose,Cistus salviifolius L., in the Swiss Alps

Range marginal populations are often perceived to have lower conservation value compared to those in the core area. The allocation of resources to maintain peripheral populations is therefore often questioned. The sage-leaved rockrose (Cistus salviifolius L.) is a self-incompatible and obligate seeder widely distributed in the Mediterranean area but rare and patchily distributed in Switzerland at its range margin on the southern slopes of the Alps. Here, we combined analysis of genetic diversity with pollinator surveys and field studies of reproductive ecology to compare peripheral Cistus populations in the Alps with range central populations in the Mediterranean. Our results showed no differences in genetic diversity between peripheral and central populations and between fragmented and connected ones at its range margin in the Alps. Although the fragmented populations were visited by more abundant and species richer pollinators (bees and wasps), they showed lower number of seeds and higher self-compatibility compared to the connected ones, which excludes the pollination limitation hypothesis. Overall, our study highlights that peripheral populations of C. salviifolius in the Alps are likely to contribute to maintain genetic diversity, while showing variation in reproductive ecology, and are therefore important for the conservation of this species.

     

Comparison of Genotypes Between Environmental and Clinical Isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii Based on Microsatellite Patterns

We applied multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT) method to investigate the genetic relation between Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii clinical and environmental isolates in S?o Paulo, Brazil. This MLMT method includes three functional gene sequences of C. neoformans var. grubii, which are dispersed on three chromosomes. In all, 89 strains (36 clinical and 53 environmental isolates) were analyzed. Of 36 clinical strains, 20 belonged to a major type of MLMT-13 (55.6%). They were mainly isolated from clinical specimens. About 52.8% of strains from the environment belong to a major type of MLMT-36, which are indigenous to environments and which were not isolated from clinical samples. Thus, we recognized two genotypes that distinguish majority of clinical and environmental strains. No differences were found in antifungal susceptibility and capsule size between major environmental and clinical MLMT types.     

Collagen has a unique SEC24 preference for efficient export from the endoplasmic reticulum

SEC24 is mainly involved in cargo sorting during COPII vesicle assembly. There are four SEC24 paralogs (A–D) in vertebrates, which are classified into two subgroups (SEC24A/B and SEC24C/D). Pathological mutations in SEC24D cause osteogenesis imperfecta with craniofacial dysplasia in humans. sec24d mutant fish also recapitulate the phenotypes. Consistent with the skeletal phenotypes, the secretion of collagen was severely defective in mutant fish, emphasizing the importance of SEC24D in collagen secretion. However, SEC24D patient-derived fibroblasts show only a mild secretion phenotype, suggesting tissue-specificity in the secretion process. Using Sec24d KO mice and cultured cells, we show that SEC24A and SEC24B also contribute to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) export of procollagen. In contrast, fibronectin 1 requires either SEC24C or SEC24D for ER export. On the basis of our results, we propose that procollagen interacts with multiple SEC24 paralogs for efficient export from the ER, and that this is the basis for tissue-specific phenotypes resulting from SEC24 paralog deficiency.     

Conformational dimorphism of self-peptides and molecular mimicry in a disease-associated HLA-B27 subtype

An interesting property of certain peptides presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules is their acquisition of a dual binding mode within the peptide binding groove. Using x-ray crystallography at 1.4 A resolution, we show here that the glucagon receptor-derived self-peptide pGR ((412)RRRWHRWRL(420)) is presented by the disease-associated human MHC class I subtype HLA-B*2705 in a dual conformation as well, with the middle of the peptide bent toward the floor of the peptide binding groove of the molecule in both binding modes. The conformations of pGR are compared here with those of another self-peptide (pVIPR, RRKWRRWHL) that is also displayed in two binding modes by HLA-B*2705 antigens and with that of the viral peptide pLMP2 (RRRWRRLTV). Conserved structural features suggest that the N-terminal halves of the peptides are crucial in allowing cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) cross-reactivity. In addition, an analysis of T cell receptors (TCRs) from pGR- or pVIPR-directed, HLA-B27-restricted CTL clones demonstrates that TCR from distinct clones but with comparable reactivity may share CDR3alpha but not CDR3beta regions. Therefore, the cross-reactivity of these CTLs depends on TCR-CDR3alpha, is modulated by TCR-CDR3beta sequences, and is ultimately a consequence of the conformational dimorphism that characterizes binding of the self-peptides to HLA-B*2705. These results lend support to the concept that conformational dimorphisms of MHC class I-bound peptides might be connected with the occurrence of self-reactive CTL.