A protective role for autophagy in vitiligo

A growing number of studies supports the existence of a dynamic interplay between energetic metabolism and autophagy, whose induction represents an adaptive response against several stress conditions. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved and a highly orchestrated catabolic recycling process that guarantees cellular homeostasis. To date, the exact role of autophagy in vitiligo pathogenesis is still not clear. Here, we provide the first evidence that autophagy occurs in melanocytes and fibroblasts from non-lesional skin of vitiligo patients, as a result of metabolic surveillance response. More precisely, this study is the first to reveal that induction of autophagy exerts a protective role against the intrinsic metabolic stress and attempts to antagonize degenerative processes in normal appearing vitiligo skin, where melanocytes and fibroblasts are already prone to premature senescence.Subject terms: Macroautophagy, Translational research     

Comparative analysis of P2Y4 and P2Y6 receptor architecture in native and transfected neuronal systems

Although extensive studies provided molecular and pharmacological characterization of metabotropic P2Y receptors for extracellular nucleotides, little is still known about their quaternary structure. By the use of transfected cellular systems and SDS-PAGE, in our previous work we established the propensity of P2Y₄ receptor to form dimeric interactions. Here we focused on endogenously expressed P2Y₄ and P2Y₆ subtypes, comparing their oligomeric complexes under Blue Native (BN) gel electrophoresis. We provided evidence that P2Y₄ and P2Y₆ receptors form high order complexes in native neuronal phenotypes and that the oligomers can be disaggregated down to the dimeric P2Y₄ or to the dimeric and monomeric P2Y₆ receptor. Moreover, dimeric P2Y₄ and monomeric P2Y₆ proteins display selective microdomain partitioning in lipid rafts from specialized subcellular compartments such as synaptosomes. Ligand activation by UTP shifted the oligomerization of P2Y₆ but not of P2Y₄ receptor, as analysed by BN electrophoresis. Finally, whereas transfected P2Y₄ and P2Y₆ proteins homo-interact and posses the appropriate domains to associate with all P2Y_1,2,4,6,11 subtypes, in naive PC12 cells the endogenous P2Y₄ forms hetero-oligomers only with the P2Y₆ subunit. In conclusion, our results indicate that quaternary structure distinguishing P2Y₄ from P2Y₆ receptors might be crucial for specific ligand activation, membrane partitioning and consequent functional regulation.     

Swordfish (Xiphias gladius Linnaeus 1758) harpoon fishery: a method of evaluation of swordfish presence in the Strait of Messina (Central Mediterranean Sea)

The objective of this study was to examine the space and environment variables that contributed to the presence of swordfish in the Strait of Messina during the 2003 and 2004 harpoon fishing activity. The relationships between catches per location and environmental factors (current, moon phase and sea surface temperature) were analyzed using a generalized linear model (GLM). The GLM analysis showed differences in CPUE (catch per unit effort) values in terms of swordfish numbers per location over the 2‐year period. The central locations of the Strait were found to be teeming with fish; the CPUE was also higher in these areas during the new and rising moon phases.     

Effect of food plant switching by a herbivore on its parasitoid: Cotesia melanoscela development in Lymantria dispar exposed to reciprocal dietary crosses

1. Host plant switching by dispersing early instar lepidopterans could have implications for parasitoid performance, but this possibility has not been evaluated thoroughly. 2. The relative growth rates of Lymantria dispar parasitized by Cotesia melanoscela, and the weight of larvae at the time of parasitoid emergence, were affected most by the second larval food plant consumed. 3. The relative growth rates, pupal weights, weight of larva at the time of parasitoid emergence, and development times of L. dispar were affected significantly by the second larval food plant consumed. 4. Development time and size of Cotesia melanoscela were affected most by the second larval food plant consumed. 5. Parasitoid performance was affected most by the larval host’s relative growth rate and the final weight of the host larva at the time of parasitoid emergence. 6. Host plant switching affected the weight of L. dispar larvae at the time of parasitoid emergence, but the effect of switching per se was not a significant factor in C. melanoscela size or development. 7. Lymantria dispar larvae that fed on Populus as their second host outperformed larvae that fed ultimately on Acer. 8. Parasitoids yielded from L. dispar larvae that fed ultimately on Populus outperformed parasitoids yielded from larvae that fed ultimately on Acer. 9. Per cent mortality of L. dispar due to parasitism and percentage adult C. melanoscela emergence were highest in parasitized larvae fed Populus, poor in hosts fed Acer, and intermediate in switching larvae.