微重力对石刁柏根尖组织和细胞中钙水平及分布的影响

用焦锑酸钾沉淀法进行了组织和细胞中游离钙的化学定位。用光学显微镜和透射电镜观察石刁柏幼苗在太空飞行后Ｃａ２＋沉淀颗粒在根尖组织和细胞内的分布。结果表明,太空飞行１５天后,Ｃａ２＋在各组织内的分布情况与地面对照无明显差异,但Ｃａ２＋的含量明显低于对照。Ｃａ２＋在细胞内不同区域的分布在飞行和对照样品中差异十分明显,对照细胞中Ｃａ２＋集中在液泡内,其它细胞器中很少见到。飞行幼苗的根尖细胞,液泡中Ｃａ２＋很少,并向液泡膜集结,液泡膜内侧和细胞质中的Ｃａ２＋明显增多。细胞壁中的Ｃａ２＋较对照有明显增加,高尔基体中也有少量钙存在。本文着重讨论了飞行幼苗根尖中Ｃａ２＋在细胞内重新分布的可能作用。     

HLA-DQA1, AB0, and AMEL genotyping of biological material with biochips

A method for genotyping of biological material for AB0, HLA-DQA1, and AMEL loci is described. The method utilizes allele-specific SNP typing with th e help of hydrogel biochip technology. Amplified fluorescentlylabeled fragments of genes were hybridized with SNP-specific DNA probes immobilized on a biochip. The alleles of the gene in a sample were determined according to the distribution of the fluorescent signal. The minimal amount of biological material required for the assay is 100 pg of DNA. The biochip assay was used to analyze 442 DNA specimens of the Eastern Slavic population of Russia and to determine the allelic frequencies of AB0 and HLA-DQA1 loci. The feasibility of genotyping the biological traces of investigative value, such as cigarette butts, sweat traces on paper, and swabs of the lip of the glass, was demonstrated. This assay is applicable in forensic studies. The significance of identification for the used loci is 99.6%.     

Relative accuracy of spatial predictive models for lynx Lynx canadensis derived using logistic regression-AIC,multiple criteria evaluation and Bayesian approaches

We compared probability surfaces derived using one set of environmental variables in three Geographic Information Systems (GIS) -based approaches: logistic regression and Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC),Multiple Criteria Evaluation (MCE),and Bayesian Analysis (specifically Dempster-Shafer theory). We used lynx Lynx canadensis as our focal species,and developed our environment relationship model using track data collected in Banff National Park,Alberta,Canada,during winters from 1997 to 2000. The accuracy of the three spatial models were compared using a contingency table method. We determined the percentage of cases in which both presence and absence points were correctly classified (overall accuracy),the failure to predict a species where it occurred (omission error) and the prediction of presence where there was absence (commission error). Our overall accuracy showed the logistic regression approach was the most accurate (74.51% ). The multiple criteria evaluation was intermediate (39.22%),while the Dempster-Shafer (D-S) theory model was the poorest (29.90%). However,omission and commission error tell us a different story: logistic regression had the lowest commission error,while D-S theory produced the lowest omission error. Our results provide evidence that habitat modellers should evaluate all three error measures when ascribing confidence in their model. We suggest that for our study area at least,the logistic regression model is optimal. However,where sample size is small or the species is very rare,it may also be useful to explore and/or use a more ecologically cautious modelling approach (e.g. Dempster-Shafer) that would over-predict,protect more sites,and thereby minimize the risk of missing critical habitat in conservation plans.     

High-Speed Cell Sorting of Infectious Trophic and Cystic Forms of Pneumocystis carinii

ABSTRACT. The separation of Pneumocystis carinii life-cycle stages while preserving infectivity is a hitherto unresolved challenge. We describe an original, reproducible, and efficient method for separating trophic from cystic forms of P. carinii using a high-speed cell sorter. The large amounts of highly purified (99.6±0.3%) infectious trophic and cystic forms can now be used to elucidate the poorly understood P. carinii life cycle.     

International guide to prescribing psychotropic medication for the management of problem behaviours in adults with intellectual disabilities

Psychotropic medications are used regularly to manage problem behaviours among people with intellectual disabilities. This causes concern because often these medications are used out of their licensed indications in this context. The WPA Section on Psychiatry of Intellectual Disability has recently developed an evidence and consensus-based international guide for practitioners for the use of psychotropic medications for problem behaviours among adults with intellectual disabilities. This guide advises on assessment of behaviours, producing a formulation, initiation of treatment, assessment of out-come and adverse effects, follow-up arrangements, and possibility of discontinuation of treatment.     

OBSERVATIONS ON NOCTULE BATS (NYCTALUS NOCTULA) CAPTURED WHILE FEEDING

In the summer and early autumn of 1960, 1961 and 1962, noctule bats flying low, taking house crickets as these flew from a municipal rubbish tip, were captured in mist nets, ringed, released and in many cases recaptured a number of times. The flying bats showed no fear of human beings or predatory birds and did not learn to avoid the net. In June and July of each year the majority of bats caught were adult females, the flying young of the year first appearing in August though some did not fly until September and October. Young males did not reach sexual maturity in the year of their birth, though five out of fourteen females recaptured at a year old did. There was a considerable movement of adult males in the late summer, adult bats being captured in approximately equal numbers of both sexes during August and September. In October the females seemed to disappear, the majority of the bats caught during that month being males: by November the crickets had ceased to fly and no more bats could be captured though a few wero still flying on warm nights. There was a marked difference in feeding behaviour over these three years, the bats concentrating more on crickets in 1960 than in 1961 and 1962. Though the differences are not statistically significant there were indications of an increase in body weight between July and October in the years when less cricket feeding was occurring. About 50 per cent of the females captured in each of the years 1960 and 1961 were recaptured feeding on the same site in the following year: the recovery rate of males was about 30 per cent in 1961, 60 per cent in 1962.     

Derivation of scenario-specific water quality guidelines for acid mine drainage in South Africa,using a risk-based approach

Acid mine drainage (AMD) continues to threaten water quality in many mining regions globally. Data paucity renders it challenging to inform appropriate water quality management strategies for a succinct scientific understanding of the effects of AMD on freshwater ecosystems. The current study investigated the effects of AMD collected from a defunct coalmine in Mpumalanga, South Africa, on freshwater ecosystems using a risk-based approach on five indigenous species, Adenophlebia auriculata, Burnupia stenochorias, Caridina nilotica, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Oreochromis mossambicus in 2016. Species responded differently to AMD after 96 hours and 240 hours of exposure in static experimental test designs. Burnupia stenochorias was more sensitive to AMD after 96 and 240 hours of exposure, whereas O. mossambicus was tolerant during short-term exposure, but became more sensitive after 240 hours of exposure than the other species tested. The availability of metals in AMD was directly associated with dilution rate. Scenario-specific water quality guidelines for AMD have been derived as 0.122% for short-term and 0.014% for long-term exposure. These may form important indicative dilutions for other AMDs that do not match the scenarios of this study. The toxicity of AMD to a wide range of aquatic species, including field validations, requires further investigation.     

Differential cadmium and zinc distribution in relation to their physiological impact in the leaves of the accumulating Zygophyllum fabago L.

Cadmium and zinc share many similar physiochemical properties, but their compartmentation, complexation and impact on other mineral element distribution in plant tissues may drastically differ. In this study, we address the impact of 10 μm Cd or 50 μm Zn treatments on ion distribution in leaves of a metallicolous population of the non‐hyperaccumulating species Zygophyllum fabago at tissue and cell level, and the consequences on the plant response through a combined physiological, proteomic and metabolite approach. Micro‐proton‐induced X‐ray emission and laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry analyses indicated hot spots of Cd concentrations in the vicinity of vascular bundles in response to Cd treatment, essentially bound to S‐containing compounds as revealed by extended X‐ray absorption fine structure and non‐protein thiol compounds analyses. A preferential accumulation of Zn occurred in vascular bundle and spongy mesophyll in response to Zn treatment, and was mainly bound to O/N‐ligands. Leaf proteomics and physiological status evidenced a protection of photosynthetically active tissues and the maintenance of cell turgor through specific distribution and complexation of toxic ions, reallocation of some essential elements, synthesis of proteins involved in photosynthetic apparatus or C‐metabolism, and metabolite synthesis with some specificities regarding the considered heavy metal treatment.     

NADH diaphorase polymorphism in goat erythrocytes

This paper describes for the first time polymorphism of the erythrocyte diaphorase in goats. Three diaphorase 1 phenotypes were observed in the red cells of goats. Breeding data indicated that polymorphism was controlled by two autosomal codominant alleles, DiaF and DiaS, the frequencies of which were determined in 14 different Spanish breeds of goat.