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101.
The grafting of l-phenylalanine onto low molecular weight chitosan is accomplished by using carbodiimide as a coupling agent. As increase in the amount of phenylalanine in feed, the grafting chain length increases, while a number of grafting chains hardly change. The obtained product, LMWCts-g-Phe, performs sphere with an average size of ~80 nm when the % grafting is less than 123. The complexes of the LMWCts-g-Phe and DNA (LMWCts-g-Phe/DNA) prepared by a complex coacervation method possess various shapes with an average size of ~50–150 nm and a negatively charged surface. The LMWCts-g-Phe and its complex show very reduced toxicity to fibroblast cells. The release of DNA from the complex is very fast in high pH media (tris buffer, pH 8.0 and carbonate buffer, pH 9.5), and relatively slow or more sustainable in neutral and low pH ones (PBS, pH 7.4 and citric acid/trisodium citrate buffer, pH 3.0). The results suggest that the LMWCts-g-Phe be an alternative promising carrier for negatively charged active molecules. 相似文献
102.
Michele Carbone Erin G. Flores Mitsuru Emi Todd A. Johnson Tatsuhiko Tsunoda Dusty Behner Harriet Hoffman Mary Hesdorffer Masaki Nasu Andrea Napolitano Amy Powers Michael Minaai Francine Baumann Peter Bryant-Greenwood Olivia Lauk Michaela B. Kirschner Walter Weder Isabelle Opitz Harvey I. Pass Giovanni Gaudino Sandra Pastorino Haining Yang 《PLoS genetics》2015,11(12)
We recently discovered an inherited cancer syndrome caused by BRCA1-Associated Protein 1 (BAP1) germline mutations, with high incidence of mesothelioma, uveal melanoma and other cancers and very high penetrance by age 55. To identify families with the BAP1 cancer syndrome, we screened patients with family histories of multiple mesotheliomas and melanomas and/or multiple cancers. We identified four families that shared an identical BAP1 mutation: they lived across the US and did not appear to be related. By combining family histories, molecular genetics, and genealogical approaches, we uncovered a BAP1 cancer syndrome kindred of ~80,000 descendants with a core of 106 individuals, whose members descend from a couple born in Germany in the early 1700s who immigrated to North America. Their descendants spread throughout the country with mutation carriers affected by multiple malignancies. Our data show that, once a proband is identified, extended analyses of these kindreds, using genomic and genealogical studies to identify the most recent common ancestor, allow investigators to uncover additional branches of the family that may carry BAP1 mutations. Using this knowledge, we have identified new branches of this family carrying BAP1 mutations. We have also implemented early-detection strategies that help identify cancers at early-stage, when they can be cured (melanomas) or are more susceptible to therapy (MM and other malignancies). 相似文献
103.
Ida Bagus Andika Kazuyuki Maruyama Liying Sun Hideki Kondo Tetsuo Tamada Nobuhiro Suzuki 《Plant signaling & behavior》2015,10(8)
Eukaryotes employ RNA silencing as an innate defense system against invading viruses. Dicer proteins play the most crucial role in initiating this antiviral pathway as they recognize and process incoming viral nucleic acids into small interfering RNAs. Generally, 2 successive infection stages constitute viral infection in plants. First, the virus multiplies in initially infected cells or organs after viral transmission and then the virus subsequently spreads systemically through the vasculature to distal plant tissues or organs. Thus, antiviral silencing in plants must cope with both local and systemic invasion of viruses. In a recent study using 2 sets of different experiments, we clearly demonstrated the differential requirement for Dicer-like 4 (DCL4) and DCL2 proteins in the inhibition of intracellular and systemic infection by potato virus X in Arabidopsis thaliana. Taken together with the results of other studies, here we further discuss the functional specificity of DCL proteins in the antiviral silencing pathway. 相似文献
104.
Nanako Tokuda Mitsuru Hattori Kota Abe Yoshinori Shinohara Yusuke Nagano Takao Itino 《Ecology and evolution》2015,5(6):1271-1277
Plant–plant interspecific competition via pollinators occurs when the flowering seasons of two or more plant species overlap and the pollinator fauna is shared. Negative sexual interactions between species (reproductive interference) through improper heterospecific pollen transfer have recently been reported between native and invasive species demonstrating pollination‐driven competition. We focused on two native Impatiens species (I. noli‐tangere and I. textori) found in Japan and examined whether pollinator‐mediated plant competition occurs between them. We demonstrate that I. noli‐tangere and I. textori share the same pollination niche (i.e., flowering season, pollinator fauna, and position of pollen on the pollinator's body). In addition, heterospecific pollen grains were deposited on most stigmas of both I. noli‐tangere and I. textori flowers that were situated within 2 m of flowers of the other species resulting in depressed fruit set. Further, by hand‐pollination experiments, we show that when as few as 10% of the pollen grains are heterospecific, fruit set is decreased to less than half in both species. These results show that intensive pollinator‐mediated competition occurs between I. noli‐tangere and I. textori. This study suggests that intensive pollinator‐mediated competition occurs in the wild even when interacting species are both native and not invasive. 相似文献
105.
Yasuhiro Ohshima Mitsutoshi Tsukimoto Takato Takenouchi Hitoshi Harada Akina Suzuki Mitsuru Sato Hiroshi Kitani Shuji Kojima 《Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/General Subjects》2010
Background
Ionizing irradiation causes not only growth arrest and cell death, but also release of growth factors or signal transmitters, which promote cancer malignancy. Extracellular ATP controls cancer growth through activation of purinoceptors. However, there is no report of radiation-induced ATP release from cancer cells. Here, we examined γ-irradiation-induced ATP release and its mechanism in B16 melanoma.Methods
Extracellular ATP was measured by luciferin–luciferase assay. To investigate mechanism of radiation-induced ATP release, we pharmacologically inhibited the ATP release and established stable P2X7 receptor-knockdown B16 melanoma cells using two short hairpin RNAs targeting P2X7 receptor.Results
Cells were exposed to 0.5–8 Gy of γ-rays. Extracellular ATP was increased, peaking at 5 min after 0.5 Gy irradiation. A selective P2X7 receptor channel antagonist, but not anion transporter inhibitors, blocked the release of ATP. Further, radiation-induced ATP release was significantly decreased in P2X7 receptor-knockdown cells. Our results indicate that γ-irradiation evokes ATP release from melanoma cells, and P2X7 receptor channel plays a significant role in mediating the ATP release.General Significance
We suggest that extracellular ATP could be a novel intercellular signaling molecule released from cancer cells when cells are exposed to ionizing radiation. 相似文献106.
Circulating muscle-specific microRNA, miR-206, as a potential diagnostic marker for rhabdomyosarcoma 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Mitsuru Miyachi Hideki Yoshida Ken Kikuchi Tomoko Iehara 《Biochemical and biophysical research communications》2010,400(1):89-93
Presently there is no serum biomarker of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS). Several studies have shown that profiles of microRNA (miRNA) expression differ among tumor types. Here we evaluated the feasibility of using muscle-specific miRNAs (miR-1, -133a, -133b and -206) as biomarkers of RMS. Expression of muscle-specific miRNAs, especially miR-206, was significantly higher in RMS cell lines than in other tumor cell lines, as well as in RMS tumor specimens. Further, serum levels of muscle-specific miRNAs were significantly higher in patients with RMS tumors than in patients with non-RMS tumors. Normalized serum miR-206 expression level could be used to differentiate between RMS and non-RMS tumors, with sensitivity of 1.0 and specificity of 0.913. These results raise the possibility of using circulating muscle-specific miRNAs, especially miR-206, as landmark biomarkers for RMS. 相似文献
107.
108.
Ikeda M Masumura K Sakamoto Y Wang B Nenoi M Sakuma K Hayata I Nohmi T 《Mutation research》2007,626(1-2):15-25
It is important to evaluate the health effects of low-dose-rate or low-dose radiation in combination with chemicals as humans are exposed to a variety of chemical agents. Here, we examined combined genotoxic effects of low-dose-rate radiation and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), the most carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamine, in the lung of gpt delta transgenic mice. In this mouse model, base substitutions and deletions can be separately analyzed by gpt and Spi- selections, respectively. Female gpt delta mice were either treated with gamma-irradiation alone at a dose rate of 0.5, 1.0 or 1.5 mGy/h for 22 h/day for 31 days or combined with NNK treatments at a dose of 2 mg/mouse/day, i.p. for four consecutive days in the middle course of irradiation. In the gpt selection, the NNK treatments enhanced the mutation frequencies (MFs) significantly, but no obvious combined effects of gamma-irradiation were observable at any given radiation dose. In contrast, NNK treatments appeared to suppress the Spi- large deletions. In the Spi- selection, the MFs of deletions more than 1 kb in size increased in a dose-dependent manner. When NNK treatments were combined, the dose-response curve became bell-shaped where the MF at the highest radiation dose decreased substantially. These results suggest that NNK treatments may elicit an adaptive response that eliminates cells bearing radiation-induced double-strand breaks in DNA. Possible mechanisms underlying the combined genotoxicity of radiation and NNK are discussed, and the importance of evaluation of combined genotoxicity of more than one agent is emphasized. 相似文献
109.
Evolutionary control of leaf element composition in plants 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4
Watanabe T Broadley MR Jansen S White PJ Takada J Satake K Takamatsu T Tuah SJ Osaki M 《The New phytologist》2007,174(3):516-523
Leaf nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations are correlated in plants. Higher-level phylogenetic effects can influence leaf N and P. By contrast, little is known about the phylogenetic variation in the leaf accumulation of most other elements in plant tissues, including elements with quantitatively lesser roles in metabolism than N, and elements that are nonessential for plant growth. Here the leaf composition of 42 elements is reported from a statistically unstructured data set comprising over 2000 leaf samples, representing 670 species and 138 families of terrestrial plants. Over 25% of the total variation in leaf element composition could be assigned to the family level and above for 21 of these elements. The remaining variation corresponded to differences between species within families, to differences between sites which were likely to be caused by soil and climatic factors, and to variation caused by sampling techniques. While the majority of variation in leaf mineral composition is undoubtedly associated with nonevolutionary factors, identifying higher-level phylogenetic variation in leaf elemental composition increases our understanding of terrestrial nutrient cycles and the transfer of toxic elements from soils to living organisms. Identifying mechanisms by which different plant families control their leaf elemental concentration remains a challenge. 相似文献
110.
The P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is an ATP-gated ion channel highly expressed in microglia. P2X7R plays important roles in inflammatory responses in the brain. However, little is known about the mechanisms regulating its functions in microglia. Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), an inflammatory phospholipid that promotes microglial activation, may have some relevance to P2X7R signaling in terms of microglial function. In this study, we examined its effects on P2X7R signaling in a mouse microglial cell line (MG6) and primary microglia. LPC facilitated the sustained increase in the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) through P2X7R channels activated by ATP or BzATP. The potentiated increase in [Ca(2+)](i) was actually inhibited by P2X7R antagonists, brilliant blue G and oxidized ATP. The potentiating effect of LPC was not observed with P2Y receptor systems, which are also expressed in MG6 cells. G2A, a receptor for LPC, was expressed in MG6 cells, but not involved in the facilitating effect of LPC on the P2X7R-mediated change in [Ca(2+)](i). Furthermore, LPC enhanced the P2X7R-associated formation of membrane pores and the activation of p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase. These results suggest that LPC may regulate microglial functions in the brain by enhancing the sensitivity of P2X7R. 相似文献