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991.
Understanding the evolutionary significance of morphological diversity is a major goal of evolutionary biology. Paranasal sinuses, which are pneumatized hollow spaces in the face, have attracted attention from researchers as one of the most intriguing traits that show unexpected variations. Macaques are one genus of primates that have accomplished adaptive radiation and therefore present an excellent opportunity to investigate the phenotypic diversification process. Using the large data set of computed tomography images of macaques (172 specimens from 17 species), we applied geometric morphometrics and multivariate analyses to quantitatively evaluate the maxillary sinus (one of the largest paranasal sinuses), the outer craniofacial shape, and nasal cavity. We then applied phylogenetic comparative methods to test their morphological interactions, phylogenetic, and ecogeographical significances. The results showed that the relative maxillary sinus size was significantly associated with the relative nasal cavity size and with the zygomaxillary surface shape. The relative nasal cavity size had ecogeographical correlations and high phylogenetic signal, whereas the zygomaxillary surface shapes were ecogeographically and phylogenetically irrelevant. The significant interactions with multiple surrounding traits that have experienced different evolutionary processes probably enable the maxillary sinus to show enigmatic diversity, which is independent of phylogeny and ecology. The pliable nature of the maxillary sinus, which is positioned between the nasal airways and the outer face, may play a role as a spatial compromise in craniofacial modifications. 相似文献
992.
Christina M. Sloan-Heggen Amanda O. Bierer A. Eliot Shearer Diana L. Kolbe Carla J. Nishimura Kathy L. Frees Sean S. Ephraim Seiji B. Shibata Kevin T. Booth Colleen A. Campbell Paul T. Ranum Amy E. Weaver E. Ann Black-Ziegelbein Donghong Wang Hela Azaiez Richard J. H. Smith 《Human genetics》2016,135(4):441-450
993.
994.
Sachio?TsuchidaEmail author Mamoru?Satoh Masaki?Takiwaki Michiru?Wakabayashi Takayuki?Ishige Minako?Beppu Motoi?Nishimura Kazuyuki?Matsushita Fumio?Nomura 《International journal of peptide research and therapeutics》2016,22(2):249-253
Periodontal disease is an inflammatory disease caused by gram-negative bacteria, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis and Actinobacllus actinomycetemcomitans. Antimicrobial peptides kill organisms, such as gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, mycobacteria, enveloped viruses, and fungi. We previously identified the antimicrobial peptide dermcidin (DCD) in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) using proteomic analyses. Moreover, western blot analysis revealed that the molecular weights of GCF protein bands considerably varied (approximately 27 kDa). We attempted to explore the considerable variation in the molecular weights of protein bands using on-membrane digestion and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) analyses. We examined ubiquitin among the DCD-interacting proteins. In immunoprecipitation experiments, ubiquitinated DCD was detected by western blotting and by immunoprecipitation with an antibody against DCD and mono- or poly-ubiquitinated proteins. These analyses indicated the possible involvement of the ubiquitination reaction. Ubiquitinated DCD may protect against periodontal bacterial pathogen invasion in GCF. 相似文献
995.
Tomoe Nishimura Osamu Kaminuma Mayumi Saeki Noriko Kitamura Kunie Matsuoka Hiromichi Yonekawa Akio Mori Takachika Hiroi 《PloS one》2016,11(1)
Nasal hyperresponsiveness (NHR) is a characteristic feature of allergic rhinitis (AR); however, the pathogenesis of NHR is not fully understood. In this study, during the establishment of an experimental AR model using ovalbumin-immunized and -challenged mice, augmentation of the sneezing reaction in response to nonspecific proteins as well as a chemical stimulant was detected. Whether NHR is independent of mast cells and eosinophils was determined by using mast cell- and eosinophil-deficient mice. NHR was suppressed by treatment with anti-CD4 antibody, suggesting the pivotal contribution of CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, antigen challenge to mice to which in vitro-differentiated Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells but not naïve CD4+ T cells had been adoptively transferred led to the development of equivalent NHR. Since antigen-specific IgE and IgG were not produced in these mice and since antigen-specific IgE-transgenic mice did not develop NHR even upon antigen challenge, humoral immunity would be dispensable for NHR. CD4+ T cells play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of AR via induction of NHR, independent of IgE-, mast cell-, and eosinophil-mediated responses. 相似文献
996.
Siew-Kee Low Koya Fukunaga Atsushi Takahashi Koichi Matsuda Fumiya Hongo Hiroyuki Nakanishi Hiroshi Kitamura Takamitsu Inoue Yoichiro Kato Yoshihiko Tomita Satoshi Fukasawa Tomoaki Tanaka Kazuo Nishimura Hirotsugu Uemura Isao Hara Masato Fujisawa Hideyasu Matsuyama Katsuyoshi Hashine Katsunori Tatsugami Hideki Enokida Michiaki Kubo Tsuneharu Miki Taisei Mushiroda 《PloS one》2016,11(2)
Sunitinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor and used as the first-line treatment for advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Nevertheless, inter-individual variability of drug’s toxicity was often observed among patients who received sunitinib treatment. This study is to investigate the association of a functional germline variant on ABCG2 that affects the pharmacokinetics of sunitinib with sunitinib-induced toxicity of RCC patients in the Japanese population. A total of 219 RCC patients were recruited to this pharmacogenetic study. ABCG2 421C>A (Q141K) was genotyped by using PCR-Invader assay. The associations of both clinical and genetic variables were evaluated with logistic regression analysis and subsequently receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted. About 43% (92/216) of RCC patients that received sunitinib treatment developed severe grade 3 or grade 4 thrombocytopenia according to the National Cancer Institute-Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 3.0, the most common sunitinib-induced adverse reaction in this study. In the univariate analysis, both age (P = 7.77x10-3, odds ratio (OR) = 1.04, 95%CI = 1.01–1.07) and ABCG2 421C>A (P = 1.87x10-2, OR = 1.71, 95%CI = 1.09–2.68) showed association with sunitinib-induced severe thrombocytopenia. Multivariate analysis indicated that the variant ABCG2 421C>A is suggestively associated with severe thrombocytopenia (P = 8.41x10-3, OR = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.17–2.94) after adjustment of age as a confounding factor. The area under curve (AUC) of the risk prediction model that utilized age and ABCG2 421C>A was 0.648 with sensitivity of 0.859 and specificity of 0.415. Severe thrombocytopenia is the most common adverse reaction of sunitinib treatment in Japanese RCC patients. ABCG2 421C>A could explain part of the inter-individual variability of sunitinib-induced severe thrombocytopenia. 相似文献
997.
998.
Michinari Matsushita Suzuki Setsuko Ichiro Tamaki Michiko Nakagawa Naoyuki Nishimura Nobuhiro Tomaru 《Landscape and Ecological Engineering》2016,12(2):179-186
To ensure the persistence of populations and species that maintain unique biodiversity in suburban landscapes, it is necessary to establish an efficient management system for abandoned suburban secondary forests. Thinning operations seem to be an effective management approach to inhibiting the progress of forest succession, which could lower the level of species diversity. To evaluate the effect of thinning operations on the demographic performance (growth, survival, and sexual reproduction) of the rare subtree species Magnolia stellata, we set up a field experiment and monitored the population dynamics over 9 years. The results revealed that stem survival and flower production per genet showed a decreasing trend in the nonthinned site. However, thinning operations increased the demographic performance, in particular the stem growth and survival rates as well as flower and seed production. The findings suggested that thinning operations may decrease the extinction probability of not only the targeted local population but also the metapopulation, because the thinned population serves as a better seed source. Thus, the creation of well-lit sites by thinning operations would be a useful conservation strategy for M. stellata. 相似文献
999.
Toshiyuki Nagai Yasuyuki Honda Yasuo Sugano Kunihiro Nishimura Michikazu Nakai Satoshi Honda Naotsugu Iwakami Atsushi Okada Yasuhide Asaumi Takeshi Aiba Teruo Noguchi Kengo Kusano Hisao Ogawa Satoshi Yasuda Toshihisa Anzai NaDEF investigators 《PloS one》2016,11(11)
BackgroundCirculating polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels are associated with clinical outcomes in cardiovascular diseases including coronary artery disease and chronic heart failure (HF). However, their clinical implications in acute decompensated HF (ADHF) remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical roles of circulating PUFAs in patients with ADHF.MethodsCirculating levels of PUFAs, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), arachidonic acid (AA) and dihomo-gamma linoleic acid (DGLA), were measured on admission in 685 consecutive ADHF patients. Adverse events were defined as all-cause death and worsening HF.ResultsDuring a median follow-up period of 560 days, 262 (38.2%) patients had adverse events. Although patients with adverse events had lower n-6 PUFA (AA + DGLA) level than those without, n-3 PUFA (EPA + DHA) level was comparable between the groups. Kaplan-Meier analyses showed that lower n-6 PUFA level on admission was significantly associated with the composite of all-cause death and worsening HF, all-cause death, cardiovascular death and worsening HF (p < 0.001, p = 0.005, p = 0.021, p = 0.019, respectively). In a multivariate Cox model, lower n-6 PUFA level was independently associated with increased risk of adverse events (HR 0.996, 95% CI: 0.993–0.999, p = 0.027).ConclusionsLower n-6 but not n-3 PUFA level on admission was significantly related to worse clinical outcomes in ADHF patients. Measurement of circulating n-6 PUFA levels on admission might provide information for identifying high risk ADHF patients. 相似文献
1000.
Kazuyoshi Kitaoka Shiyori Kawata Tomohiro Yoshida Fumiya Kadoriku Mitsuo Kitamura 《PloS one》2016,11(4)
Extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MFs) are generated by power lines and household electrical devices. In the last several decades, some evidence has shown an association between ELF-MF exposure and depression and/or anxiety in epidemiological and animal studies. The mechanism underlying ELF-MF-induced depression is considered to involve adrenal steroidogenesis, which is triggered by ELF-MF exposure. However, how ELF-MFs stimulate adrenal steroidogenesis is controversial. In the current study, we investigated the effect of ELF-MF exposure on the mouse adrenal cortex-derived Y-1 cell line and the human adrenal cortex-derived H295R cell line to clarify whether the ELF-MF stimulates adrenal steroidogenesis directly. ELF-MF exposure was found to significantly stimulate adrenal steroidogenesis (p < 0.01–0.05) and the expression of adrenal steroid synthetic enzymes (p < 0.05) in Y-1 cells, but the effect was weak in H295R cells. Y-1 cells exposed to an ELF-MF showed significant decreases in phosphodiesterase activity (p < 0.05) and intracellular Ca2+ concentration (p < 0.01) and significant increases in intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) concentration (p < 0.001–0.05) and cAMP response element-binding protein phosphorylation (p < 0.05). The increase in cAMP was not inhibited by treatment with NF449, an inhibitor of the Gs alpha subunit of G protein. Our results suggest that ELF-MF exposure stimulates adrenal steroidogenesis via an increase in intracellular cAMP caused by the inhibition of phosphodiesterase activity in Y-1 cells. The same mechanism may trigger the increase in adrenal steroid secretion in mice observed in our previous study. 相似文献