Seasonal changes of glycogen/trehalose contents,supercooling points and survival rate in mature larvae of the overwintering soybean pod borer Leguminivora glycinivorella

The mature larvae of the soybean pod borer Leguminivora glycinivorella, spend over 9 months (October-next August) in the inactive state until pupation down to 3 cm below the surface in soil. Trehalose content of inactive larvae increases in early winter, attaining a maximum (ca 30 mg/g), and decreases in spring, with a concomitant decrease and increase of glycogen. The median supercooling points seasonally change from ?19.8°C (October) to ?25.0°C (February), and to ?17.0°C (June). The lower supercooling points in winter are in part due to the absence of unusually high values (> ?18°C). The increase in trehalose does not seem to be effective in depressing the supercooling points. The larvae are freeze-intolerant, but ambient temperatures in outdoor conditions are always above the supercooling points. The survival rates are very high throughout the inactive period.     

Dominant lethal mutations induced by MMS and mitomycin C in the fish Oryzias latipes

Males of the fish Oryzias latipes were treated with various chemicals and then mated with normal females. The fertility and hatchability of the eggs laid by the parents were examined, and the dominant lethal effects were estimated. Mitomycin C induced dominant lethals in the fish spermatids and spermatocytes after the males had been treated with concentrations of 2.5 and 25 micrograms/ml. Methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) induced dominant lethals in spermatozoa and spermatozoa and spermatids after the injection of 200 and 400 mg/kg. These results are in good agreement with the results obtained with mice. However, the effects of ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) were not clear on spermatogenic cells at any stage. We could not recognize any significant induction of dominant lethals by urethanes, bleomycin, caffeine, and two kinds of food-color additives, at least under the present experimental conditions.     

Phorbol ester increases the level of interleukin 2 mRNA in mitogen-stimulated human lymphocytes

TPA alone did not induce the production of IL 2 in human tonsillar lymphocytes but enhanced the PHA-induced IL 2 production by seven-fold. That the effect of TPA was due to an increase in IL 2 mRNA was demonstrated by examining the amount of IL 2 mRNA translatable in Xenopus laevis oocytes, and by Northern blotting analysis using IL 2 cDNA as a probe. In these ways, it was shown that TPA alone did not induce any significant IL 2 mRNA synthesis, but when added together with PHA it increased the level of IL 2 mRNA by at least 10-fold, as compared with that induced by PHA alone.     

Enrichment and characterization of clonogenic epithelial cells from adult rat liver and initiation of epithelial cell strains

Summary A highly efficient method is described for obtaining prolifertive epithelial cells from adult rat livers for the reproducible establishment of liver epithelial cell strains. When cells were isolated from livers of 10-to 15-wk-old male Fischer 344 rats by a collagenase-perfusion method, collected by centrifugation at 50×g for 5 min, and cultured in Williams' medium E containing fetal bovine serum and dexamethasone, colonies of epithelial cells different in size and morphology from hepatocytes were obtained. Sequential perfusion with collagenase and dispase yielded numerous epithelial cell colonies. When isolated cells were fractionated by differential centrifugation, the great majority of hepatocytes were sedimented at 50 ×g for 1 min, whereas many non-hepatocytic cells remiined in the supernatant and could be sedimented by a second centrifugation at 50×g for 5 min. Culture of the two fractions revealed that almost all the epithelial cell colonies were derived from cells in the non-hepatocytic cell fraction. The epithelial cells were cytochemically negative for γ-glutamyl transpeptidase activity, whereas an increase in the activity was detected in hepatocytes with duration in culture. Ultrastructural characteristics of hepatocytes were not found in the cells of newly established cell strains. These results suggest that adult rat liver epithelial cells propagable in culture were derived from a cell type other than the hepatocyte.     

Diazo-reaction positive substance observed in the cortex of Chattonella antiqua

In order to investigate the causative factors responsible for removal of mucous coat from the gill lamellae of young yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata by red tide, diazo-reactions were employed for planktons and their media. The concentration of NO2- in the medium containing the raphidophyceae, Chatonella antiqua (ca 2000 cells/ml), was 0.70 +/- 0.05 (mu g/ml +/- SEM). In addition, diazo-reaction positive substances (NOx) which may degenerate the mucous, was highly concentrated in the cortex (perikaryon) of Chattonella antiqua. Morphologically, mucocysts, and chloroplats were likewise present in the cortex. Mucocysts were packed with fine fibrous content. Histochemically, the mucocysts were stained with PAS and had an abundance of nitrogen oxides (NOx). We observed discharge of the fibrous material from the mucocysts. These results suggest that when Chattonella antiqua is passing between the gill lamellae, NOx discharged from the mucocysts may act on the mucous, leading to the degeneration and concomitant removal of the mucous coat from gill lamellae.     

Replication timing: histone genes replicate during early S phase in cleavage-stage embryos of sea urchin.

Newly synthesized DNA was separated from the bulk of the DNA by pulse-labeling with BUdR and centrifugation in an alkaline CsCl buoyant density gradient. The content of histone gene in the newly synthesized DNA was determined by DNA dot hybridization. The gene contents in DNA replicated during the early half of S phase and during the whole S phase were compared. Results showed that histone genes were replicated during the first half of the S phase in embryos in the early cleavage stage.     

Isolation and characterization of a human interleukin 2 gene

An interleukin 2 (IL-2) gene was isolated from a Charon 4A human gene library. Electron microscopic examination of 15 heteroduplexes formed between the genomic DNAs and the IL-2 cDNAs demonstrated that the size of the IL-2 gene is about 5.1 +/- 0.5 kb and that there are at least two introns in this gene. Nucleotide sequence of the 5' flanking region of the IL-2 gene showed a homology with that of the corresponding region of the human immune interferon gene.     

Inhibitory effect of long chain fatty acyl CoAs on RNA polymerase from Escherichia coli

RNA polymerase from Escherichia coli was inhibited by long chain fatty acyl CoAs, such as myristoyl CoA (Ki = 17.2 microM), palmitoyl CoA (Ki = 8.9 microM), oleoyl CoA (Ki = 5.5 microM), and stearoyl CoA (Ki = 0.94 microM). The inhibition by these CoA thioesters was non-competitive against nucleoside triphosphates. Short chain fatty acyl CoAs, such as acetyl CoA, propionyl CoA, acetoacetyl CoA, butyryl CoA, and decanoyl CoA, failed to inhibit RNA polymerase. CoA, Na-myristate, Na-palmitate, Na-oleate, Na-stearate, palmitoyl carnitine, and carnitine did not inhibit the enzyme. The inhibition of RNA polymerase by long chain fatty acyl CoAs was competitive against template DNA.     

Increase in the activity of Rhizopus delemar lipase on water-soluble esters by its binding with phosphatidylcholine

Rhizopus (Rh.) delemar (ATCC 34612) C-lipase was found to exhibit a slight activity towards water-soluble esters. The hydrolytic reaction of this lipase on alpha-naphthyl acetate was competitively inhibited by the presence of olive oil or Tween 80. This finding showed that both substrates, insoluble triglyceride and water-soluble ester, were hydrolyzed at the same site on the enzyme. The activities on water-soluble esters (alpha-naphthyl acetate, beta-naphthyl acetate, methyl acetylsalicylate and Tween 80) increased on binding of lipase with phosphatidylcholine (PC), although the activity on olive oil did not change. The increase in activity on water-soluble esters was due to the increase in the Vmax for its hydrolysis. It appears that local structural change of the catalytic site on lipase occurred on binding of PC to the lipase molecule and resulted in an increase in the activity on water-soluble esters. The temperature dependence of the hydrolysis of water-soluble esters demonstrated that the activation energy was lowered on binding of PC to the lipase molecule, and this resulted in an increase in the activity.