An Analytical Model of the Counter-Current Heat Exchange Phenomena

An analytical model for the counter-current heat exchange mechanism in animals has been formulated and a solution has been obtained. The nondimensional parameters that govern the mechanism have been determined in terms of the properties of the animal. The normalized temperatures are functions of normalized distance and, in general, three nondimensional heat transfer conductances. Graphical results are presented for two representative physiological systems. These results allow a delineation of those situations in which counter-current heat transfer is important, and also a quantitative prediction of the heat transfer and temperature distributions. The theory is compared to the available experimental results.     

Treatment of Basal Cell Carcinoma by Curettage and Electrosurgery

One hundred and forty-eight basal cell carcinomas were treated by curettage and electrosurgery. Twenty-six recurrent carcinomas were treated and 24 did not recur during a minimum two-year follow-up. Seventy-two newly diagnosed carcinomas were treated by the same method, and a two-year recurrence-free rate of 97.4% was obtained. About 50 new and recurrent lesions were treated in three patients in whom extensive cutaneous changes from actinic atrophy and previous therapy made the distinction between new and recurrent lesions difficult or impossible. This technique has a particular place in the management of multiple lesions. Patient acceptance is good. Lesions at some sites, e.g. on the nose, where closure of a wound is difficult, are better managed by this method than by surgical excision. Secondary infection is rare and the cosmetic results are excellent.     

Beta-adrenergic relaxation of dog trachealis: contractile agonist-specific interaction

The phenomenon of contractile agonist-dependent relaxation by isoproterenol (ISO) of active tension elicited by acetylcholine (ACh), histamine (HIS), serotonin (5-HT), and potassium chloride-substituted Krebs-Henseleit solution (KCl) was studied in 210 tracheal smooth muscle (TSM) strips from 28 mongrel dogs in vitro. All TSM strips were contracted to similar active tensions [target tension (TT) = 50% of the maximal active tension elicited by 127 mM KCl] with ACh, HIS, 5-HT, or KCl and relaxed with either ISO, forskolin (FSK), N6,2'-O-dibutyryladenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (db-cAMP), or 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IMX). The concentrations of ISO causing 50% relaxation from TT (RC50) were ACh (2.9 +/- 1.1 x 10(-6) M) greater than 5-HT (8.4 +/- 1.5 x 10(-8) M) approximately KCl (8.1 +/- 2.1 x 10(-8) M) greater than HIS (1.6 +/- 0.2 x 10(-8) M). FSK and IMX relaxed TSM in the same rank order of potency as ISO. In contrast to the contractile agonist-dependent relaxation elicited by ISO, FSK, and IMX, db-cAMP was nearly equipotent in relaxing similarly contracted strips. These results are consistent with contractile agonist-specific interaction with cAMP production by ISO and FSK. These data demonstrate that the phenomenon of contractile agonist-dependent relaxation by ISO is not related specifically to the beta-adrenoceptor.     

Extracellular Ca2+ mobilization in potential-dependent contraction of trachealis of maturing swine.

We studied the effect of maturation on potassium-induced parasympathetic activation and Ca2+ entry in tracheal smooth muscle (TSM) from fifteen 2-wk-old (2ws) and sixteen 10-wk-old (10ws) male domestic farm swine. Atropine (10(-7) M) caused inhibition of the maximal contraction elicited by potassium to 50.3 +/- 2.6% maximum of control response (P less than 0.001) in TSM from 2ws but had no significant effect in TSM from 10ws (94.6 +/- 4.2% maximum; P = NS vs. control). Verapamil (10(-7) M) plus 10(-7) M atropine reduced contraction elicited by potassium in both 2ws (23.7 +/- 5.8% maximum; P less than 0.001 vs. control) and 10ws (50.6 +/- 6.3% maximum; P less than 0.001 vs. control, P less than 0.05 vs. 2ws); 10(-6)M verapamil caused greater than 95% blockade of contraction caused by potassium in both 2ws and 10ws. In separate studies, atropine-treated strips were equilibrated with extracellular Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]o) ranging from normal (1X [Ca2+]o) to four times normal (4x [Ca2+]o). Increasing [Ca2+]o increased maximal contractile response in atropine-treated TSM strips from 68.7 +/- 3.8% maximum for 1x [Ca2+]o to 100.8 +/- 4.8% maximum for 4x [Ca2+]o (P less than 0.001) in 2ws. Neither atropine nor [Ca2+]o affected maximal responses of TSM in 10ws (103.5 +/- 3.0% maximum for 1x [Ca2+]o; P = NS vs. control). However, in the presence of atropine and verapamil, 4x [Ca2+]o augmented KCl-elicited contraction of TSM from both 2ws (46.9 +/- 6.3% maximum; P less than 0.01 vs. control) and 10ws (78.6 +/- 2.3% maximum; P less than 0.005 vs. control).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)