嫁接对辣椒根际土壤环境的影响及其与抗病性和产量的关系

以‘卫士’(WS)和‘部野丁’(BYD)辣椒为砧木,‘新丰2号’(XF)辣椒为接穗嫁接,以‘新丰2号’自根嫁接辣椒(XF/XF)为对照(CK),研究嫁接对辣椒根际土壤微生物量、物理性质、养分含量及土传病害和产量的影响.结果表明: 嫁接辣椒新丰/卫士(XF/WS)与新丰/部野丁(XF/BYD)根际土壤的真菌和放线菌数量较多,放线菌比例较大;定植60 d时,嫁接辣椒根际土壤过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性显著高于CK;定植90 d时,XF/WS根际土壤磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶、硝酸还原酶(NR)活性显著高于CK;此外,嫁接辣椒根际土壤浸提液中的烃类化合物增多,XF/WS和XF/BYD根际土壤N、P、K含量显著低于CK,根际土壤电导率(EC)略高,XF/WS的pH显著高于CK,而XF/BYD与CK差异不显著.说明嫁接可优化辣椒根际土壤环境,增强其对土传病害的抗性,XF/WS和XF/BYD的产量分别比CK增加40.8%和28.7%.     

低温弱光对黄瓜幼苗Rubisco与Rubisco活化酶的影响

以‘津优3号'黄瓜幼苗为试材,研究弱光(100 μmol·m-2·s-1)下适温(WL:25℃/18℃)、亚适温(ST+WL:18℃/12℃)和低温(LT+WL:10℃/5℃)对黄瓜幼苗光合速率(Pn)、核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化/加氧酶(Rubisco)、Rubisco活化酶(RCA)活性及其基因表达量的影响.结果表明:与对照(25℃/18℃,400 μmol·m-2·s-1)相比,WL、ST+WL和LT+WL处理的单株叶面积和干物质量均明显减小.处理初期,Pn、Rubisco活性及其大亚基基因(rbcL)、小亚基基因(rbcS)表达、RCA活性与基因(CsRCA)表达量大幅度降低,5～7 d后,WL处理趋于平稳,ST+WL处理缓慢回升,而LT+WL处理持续下降,表明黄瓜光合机构对适温弱光和亚适温弱光环境有逐步适应机制.Rubisco和RCA活性及其基因表达对低温弱光的响应与Pn基本一致,表明低温弱光下RCA和Rubisco活性及其基因表达量下降是黄瓜幼苗Pn降低的重要原因.     

长期施肥及撂荒对土壤氮素矿化特性及外源硝态氮转化的影响

以黄土高原南部17年长期定位试验不同处理土壤为研究对象,研究了不同肥料处理及撂荒条件下土壤氮素矿化特性、灭菌与不灭菌条件下不同肥力土壤对施入外源硝态氮转化的影响.结果表明：氮磷钾化肥和有机肥配施（MNPK）及长期撂荒处理显著提高了土壤有机质和全氮含量以及土壤氮素矿化量和矿化率;氮磷钾化肥（NPK）处理虽然提高了土壤无机氮含量,但对土壤有机质、全氮、土壤氮素矿化量和矿化率的影响相对较小.高温高压灭菌显著增加了土壤铵态氮含量,但对不同处理土壤硝态氮含量无明显影响;在灭菌土壤培养过程中,土壤铵态氮含量呈显著增加趋势.同一土壤类型,不论灭菌与否,培养过程中施入土壤的硝态氮含量保持相对稳定,说明在本研究培养条件下,生物因素和非生物因素对外源硝态氮在土壤中的转化无明显影响.     

马铃薯实生群体遗传多样性的SSR分析

以云南马铃薯品种‘剑川红’植株1个浆果中的天然实生种子产生的70个单株以及B20[CIP010(♀)×CIP004(♂)]杂交组合后代100个实生苗单株为材料,采用12对SSR引物对自交种和杂交实生群体的遗传差异性进行分析,旨在从后代群体中找到与母本(亲本)在分子水平上表现一致的植株,为种质资源的长期保存提供依据。结果表明:(1)‘剑川红’自交群体的多态性比率为81.6%,比杂交组合B20实生群体的多态性比率72.8%略高,说明2个群体的多态性比率均较高。(2)聚类分析结果显示,自交后代和杂交后代群体的遗传相似系数均较高,变化范围均在0.74~0.96之间,说明2个群体均发生了不同程度的遗传分离,但分离的程度较小,绝大多数条带表现一致。(3)在所有供试材料中,同一浆果中均未发现与‘剑川红’母株在分子水平上表现完全一致的单株。研究认为,在分子水平上寻找完全不分离的实生群体难度非常大,需进一步评价与母株(亲本)在分子水平上相似株系的田间表现,从而确定是否可以通过相近或极相近株系来恢复种源。     

自噬抑制剂3-MA上调H2O2损伤的PC12细胞氧化应激水平

为探究自噬抑制剂6-氨基-3-甲基腺嘌呤（3-methyladenine,3-MA）对损伤细胞氧化应激水平的影响,将3-MA作用于H2O2诱导的PC12细胞损伤模型,以自噬增强剂雷帕霉素（rapamycin,Rap）作为对照,探讨自噬与氧化应激的关系。测定线粒体的膜电位和细胞内的活性氧（reactive oxygen species, ROS）与丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)含量,以及超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)和过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)活性,评价损伤细胞的氧化应激状态。单丹(磺)酰戊二胺（monodansylcadaverine,MDC）染色,观察损伤细胞的自噬情况。蛋白质印迹分析损伤细胞中的自噬相关蛋白质LC3-II/LC3-I比值变化。实验结果显示：与正常组相比,H2O2损伤细胞的ROS水平上升到正常组的141%,MDA含量增加(P<0.001);CAT与SOD酶活力显著降低(P<0.001),差异均有统计学意义,证明损伤细胞氧化应激水平增加;MDC染色结果表明,H2O2组自噬明显增加。Western印迹结果表明,LC3-II/LC3-I值显著升高（P<0.05）;与损伤组相比,3-MA组MDC染色结果表明,自噬水平降低。Western印迹结果表明,LC3-II/LC3-I值下降;细胞内ROS水平升高,增加到正常组的208%。MDA含量增加(P<0.001),CAT、SOD酶活力降低(P<0.001)。综上结果表明,自噬抑制剂可增加H2O2诱导的PC12细胞损伤模型的氧化应激水平,增加细胞凋亡。     

共轭亚油酸生理功能及微生物合成调控研究进展

共轭亚油酸(conjugated linoleic acid,CLA)是一种新型功能性油脂,顺9,反11-十八碳二烯酸(c9,t11-CLA)和反10,顺12-十八碳二烯酸(t10,c12-CLA)由于具有比其他异构体更强的生理功能得到广泛关注和研究.微生物合成CLA具有安全性高、选择特异性强等特点,研究CLA产量提高...     

Neural crest contribution to lingual mesenchyme, epithelium and developing taste papillae and taste buds

The epithelium of mammalian tongue hosts most of the taste buds that transduce gustatory stimuli into neural signals. In the field of taste biology, taste bud cells have been described as arising from "local epithelium", in distinction from many other receptor organs that are derived from neurogenic ectoderm including neural crest (NC). In fact, contribution of NC to both epithelium and mesenchyme in the developing tongue is not fully understood. In the present study we used two independent, well-characterized mouse lines, Wnt1-Cre and P0-Cre that express Cre recombinase in a NC-specific manner, in combination with two Cre reporter mouse lines, R26R and ZEG, and demonstrate a contribution of NC-derived cells to both tongue mesenchyme and epithelium including taste papillae and taste buds. In tongue mesenchyme, distribution of NC-derived cells is in close association with taste papillae. In tongue epithelium, labeled cells are observed in an initial scattered distribution and progress to a clustered pattern between papillae, and within papillae and early taste buds. This provides evidence for a contribution of NC to lingual epithelium. Together with previous reports for the origin of taste bud cells from local epithelium in postnatal mouse, we propose that NC cells migrate into and reside in the epithelium of the tongue primordium at an early embryonic stage, acquire epithelial cell phenotypes, and undergo cell proliferation and differentiation that is involved in the development of taste papillae and taste buds. Our findings lead to a new concept about derivation of taste bud cells that include a NC origin.     

基于Hyperion高光谱数据的城市植被胁迫评价

快速获取城市植被的胁迫状态,不仅对城市植被健康状况的维护,而且对城市生态环境的改善具有重要意义．在对受胁迫植被的生理特征和光谱特征进行分析的基础上,利用星载高光谱Hyperion数据,计算出与胁迫相关的14种高光谱植被指数,在此基础上运用BP神经网络算法建立了城市植被胁迫强度分类器,对城市植被的胁迫强度进行了识别与分析．结果表明：城市中心商住区的植被受胁迫程度明显高于城乡结合部和郊区;植被的受胁迫现象在大块绿地外围呈环状分布;构建的植被胁迫强度分类器能够较为准确地反映植被受胁迫的强度信息,可为大面积城市植被胁迫监测提供一种较为可靠而快捷的方法．     

基于主因子分析的生态社区评价方法研究——以上海外环以内区域为例

从生态系统和可持续发展理论出发,构建了生态社区评价的指标体系,运用主因子分析方法建立了生态社区评价模型;并在遥感与GIS技术支持下,对上海中心城区做了生态社区评价研究.结果表明,在空间格局上,社区生态水平差异明显,无论是在社区内部还是社区之间,各主因子分布极不平衡;总体看来,浦西核心区的大部分社区,其规模结构比较合理,服务设施比较完善,然而部分社区的生态环境质量急需要改善,部分社区的居住条件也需要进一步完善;而浦东一些社区,尽管生态指数较高,生态环境质量较好,但由于基础配套设施不够健全,规模结构不够均衡,道路交通系统尚待进一步完善.     

Nitric oxide (NO) serves as a retrograde messenger to activate neuronal NO synthase in the spinal cord via NMDA receptors.

We have recently demonstrated that nitric oxide (NO) produced by neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) in the spinal cord is involved in the maintenance of neuropathic pain. To clarify whether NO itself affected nNOS activity in the spinal cord as a retrograde messenger, we examined the involvement of the NO/cGMP signaling pathway in the regulation of nNOS activity by NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry. NO-generating agents NOR3 (t(1/2)=30min) and SNAP (t(1/2)=5h), but not NOR1 (t(1/2)=1.8min), significantly enhanced NADPH-diaphorase staining in the spinal cord. 8-Br-cGMP also enhanced it similar to that by NOR3, and 8-Br-cAMP and forskolin, an activator of adenylate cyclase, enhanced it moderately. NOR1 and NOR3 markedly increased the cGMP level in the spinal cord. The enhancement of NADPH-diaphorase staining by NOR3 was significantly inhibited by CPTIO, an NO scavenger, ODQ, a soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor, and KT5823, an inhibitor of cGMP-dependent protein kinase. Additionally, the NOR3-enhanced nNOS activity was completely inhibited by NMDA antagonists MK-801 and d-AP5, partially by the GluRepsilon2-selective antagonist CP-101,606, and was attenuated in GluRepsilon1(-/-) and GluRepsilon1(-/-)/epsilon4(-/-) mice. These results suggest that NO may regulate nNOS activity as a retrograde messenger in the spinal cord via activation of NMDA receptor containing GluRepsilon1 and GluRepsilon2 subunits.