收费全文 | 17739篇 |
免费 | 1405篇 |
国内免费 | 1575篇 |
2024年 | 28篇 |
2023年 | 193篇 |
2022年 | 531篇 |
2021年 | 996篇 |
2020年 | 654篇 |
2019年 | 793篇 |
2018年 | 758篇 |
2017年 | 522篇 |
2016年 | 746篇 |
2015年 | 1114篇 |
2014年 | 1331篇 |
2013年 | 1385篇 |
2012年 | 1662篇 |
2011年 | 1470篇 |
2010年 | 898篇 |
2009年 | 817篇 |
2008年 | 903篇 |
2007年 | 800篇 |
2006年 | 721篇 |
2005年 | 671篇 |
2004年 | 518篇 |
2003年 | 473篇 |
2002年 | 369篇 |
2001年 | 297篇 |
2000年 | 277篇 |
1999年 | 272篇 |
1998年 | 171篇 |
1997年 | 158篇 |
1996年 | 181篇 |
1995年 | 136篇 |
1994年 | 154篇 |
1993年 | 98篇 |
1992年 | 113篇 |
1991年 | 109篇 |
1990年 | 79篇 |
1989年 | 72篇 |
1988年 | 48篇 |
1987年 | 55篇 |
1986年 | 38篇 |
1985年 | 28篇 |
1984年 | 37篇 |
1983年 | 18篇 |
1982年 | 14篇 |
1981年 | 9篇 |
1979年 | 2篇 |
In this research, a novel packed anoxic/oxic moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) was established to achieve high-organic matter removal rates, despite the carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio of 2.7–5.1 in the influent. Simultaneous nitrification–denitrification (SND) was investigated under a long sludge retention time of 104 days. The system exhibited excellent performance in pollutant removal, with chemical oxygen demand and total nitrogen (TN) enhanced to 93.6–97.4% and 34.4–60%, respectively. Under low C/N conditions, the nitrogen removal process of A/O MBBR system was mainly achieved by anaerobic denitrification. The increase of C/N ratio enhanced SND rate of the aerobic section, where dissolved oxygen was maintained at the range of 4–6 mg/L, and resulted in higher TN removal efficiency. The microbial composition and structures were analyzed utilizing the MiSeq Illumina sequencing technique. High-throughput pyrosequencing results indicated that the dominant microorganisms were Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes at the phylum level, which contributes to the removal of organics matters. In the aerobic section, abundances of Nitrospirae (1.12–29.33%), Burkholderiales (2.15–21.38%), and Sphingobacteriales (2.92–11.67%) rose with increasing C/N ratio in the influent, this proved that SND did occur in the aerobic zone. As the C/N ratio of influent increased, the SND phenomenon in the aerobic zone of the system is the main mechanism for greatly improving the removal rate of TN in the aerobic section. The C/N ratio in the aerobic zone is not required to be high to exhibit good TN removal performance. When C/NH4+ and C/TN in the aerobic zone were higher than 2.29 and 1.77, respectively, TN removal efficiency was higher than 60%, which means that carbon sources added to the reactor could be saved. This study would be vital for a better understanding of microbial structures within a packed A/O MBBR and the development of cost-efficient strategies for the treatment of low C/N wastewater.
相似文献(R)-Mandelic acid (R-MA) is a key precursor for the synthesis of semi-synthetic penicillin, cephalosporin, anti-obesity drugs, antitumor agents, and chiral resolving agents for the resolution of racemic alcohols and amines. In this study, an enzymatic method for the large-scale production of R-MA by a stereospecific nitrilase in an aqueous system was developed. The nitrilase activity of the Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)/pET-Nit whole cells reached 138.6 U/g in a 20,000-L fermentor. Using recombinant E. coli cells as catalyst, 500 mM R,S-mandelonitrile (R,S-MN) was resolved into 426 mM (64.85 g/L) R-MA within 8 h, and the enantiomeric excess (ee) value of R-MA reached 99%. During the purification process, pure R-MA with a recovery rate of 78.8% was obtained after concentration and crystallization. This study paved the foundation for the upscale production of R-MA using E. coli whole cells as biocatalyst.
相似文献