Development of a Peptide ELISA for the Diagnosis of Aleutian Mink Disease

Aleutian disease (AD) is a common immunosuppressive disease in mink farms world-wide. Since the 1980s, counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) has been the main detection method for infection with the Aleutian Mink Disease Virus (AMDV). In this study, six peptides derived from the AMDV structural protein VP2 were designed, synthesized, and used as ELISA antigens to detect anti-AMDV antibodies in the sera of infected minks. Serum samples were collected from 764 minks in farms from five different provinces, and analyzed by both CIEP (a gold standard) and peptide ELISA. A peptide designated P1 (415 aa–433 aa) exhibited good antigenicity. A novel ELISA was developed using ovalbumin-linked peptide P1 to detect anti-AMDV antibodies in mink sera. The sensitivity and specificity of the peptide ELISA was 98.0% and 97.5%, respectively. Moreover, the ELISA also detected 342 early-stage infected samples (negative by CIEP and positive by PCR), of which 43.6% (149/342) were true positives. These results showed that the peptide ELISA had better sensitivity compared with CIEP, and therefore could be preferable over CIEP for detecting anti-AMDV antibodies in serological screening.     

不同红叶性状桃叶片花色素苷种类鉴定及呈色规律研究

以早熟桃(Prunus persica,‘早美’、‘春蕾’)和红叶桃(Prunus persica f.atropur purea,‘筑波5号’、‘洛格红叶’)两种不同叶片呈色类型桃品种为试材,在5~9月份对其呈色过程中叶片色泽、花色素组成进行了测定,并对其叶片色差值与色素组成间的相关性进行了分析,探讨早熟桃和红叶桃叶片呈色差异的生理机制。结果表明:(1)红叶桃叶片5月下旬叶片出现"返青"现象,叶片a*值由正值变为负值;相反早熟桃叶片6月份果实采收后叶片由鲜艳绿色逐渐变为红紫色,叶片a*值逐渐增大。(2)在试验所选的4个品种中共发现5类花色素苷,早熟桃含有3类,红叶桃含有4类,矢车菊素-3-葡萄糖苷和矢车菊素-3-芸香糖苷为两种类型桃叶片所共有的且含量相对较高的花色素苷;呈色过程中叶片花色素苷种类基本不变,但各色素含量发生了明显的变化。(3)多元回归分析显示:红叶桃叶片与早熟桃叶片的a*值分别与矢车菊素-3-葡萄糖苷、矢车菊素-3-芸香糖苷含量呈正相关关系,且均与Ant/Chl呈负相关关系。研究表明,矢车菊素为桃叶片呈现红色的物质基础,两种类型桃叶片呈色差异并非所含花色素苷种类不同所致,而与不同种类花色素苷含量有关。     

纤维素酶的糖基化

木质纤维素价格低廉,供应充足,且未得到充分开发利用。把纤维素降解成葡萄糖,进而生产纤维素乙醇的技术已经进入商业应用阶段。提高纤维素酶的活性,有利于充分利用自然界中大量存在的木质纤维素,开发生物质资源,以缓解能源危机。糖基化修饰对纤维素酶的活性、稳定性以及其他性质有着重要的影响。因此,对纤维素酶糖基化的了解,以及合理地改善糖基化修饰,可以极大地提高木质纤维素降解速率,有利于工业上液体燃料的生产。     

肌醇磷脂信号组分调节花粉发育和花粉管生长的研究进展

肌醇磷脂信号系统以肌醇磷脂代谢循环为基础, 由多种磷酸磷脂酰肌醇分子和多磷酸肌醇分子及催化代谢的磷脂酶、激酶组成。该信号系统参与调节动、植物细胞生长发育及应答环境刺激等多种生理过程。花粉发育和花粉管的生长是植物有性生殖的基础, 肌醇磷脂信号系统中多种组分参与其生理过程的调节。该文综述了植物肌醇磷脂信号系统中各组分的相互关系, 以及相关组分调节花粉发育和花粉管生长生理过程的研究进展。     

Temperature,size and developmental plasticity in birds

As temperatures increase, there is growing evidence that species across much of the tree of life are getting smaller. These climate change-driven size reductions are often interpreted as a temporal analogue of the observation that individuals within a species tend to be smaller in the warmer parts of the species'' range. For ectotherms, there has been a broad effort to understand the role of developmental plasticity in temperature–size relationships, but in endotherms, this mechanism has received relatively little attention in favour of selection-based explanations. We review the evidence for a role of developmental plasticity in warming-driven size reductions in birds and highlight insulin-like growth factors as a potential mechanism underlying plastic responses to temperature in endotherms. We find that, as with ectotherms, changes in temperature during development can result in shifts in body size in birds, with size reductions associated with warmer temperatures being the most frequent association. This suggests developmental plasticity may be an important, but largely overlooked, mechanism underlying warming-driven size reductions in endotherms. Plasticity and natural selection have very different constraining forces, thus understanding the mechanism linking temperature and body size in endotherms has broad implications for predicting future impacts of climate change on biodiversity.     

肉食鸡中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶的耐药性大肠杆菌的检测和分析

[目的]本文对山东某屠宰场的肉食鸡内脏中的大肠杆菌进行了p-内酰胺类抗生素的耐药性监测和分析.[方法]从屠宰场的肉食鸡中获取内脏样品,处理并筛选得到对β-内酰胺类耐药的大肠杆菌.通过抑菌圈法对细菌耐药性进行分析.提取细菌DNA,进行系统发育亚型分析.检测并鉴定菌株中β-内酰胺酶基因和整合子的结构,并进行了接合转移实验....     

森林火灾污染物质释放及其影响研究进展

森林火灾是大气中气体污染物和颗粒物的重要来源,可对全球气候系统、大气环境以及生态系统产生重要影响,对全球温室气体和含碳颗粒物释放具有重要的贡献,是推动全球气候变化的重要因素。森林火灾释放污染物已成为区域乃至全球范围内重要污染源之一,这些污染物质与辐射、能见度以及温室效应等问题直接相关。准确地描述森林火灾释放的气体和颗粒污染物释放机理、释放总量、时空分布特征、不同尺度的扩散过程模拟,以及对区域大气环境的影响,对于量化森林火灾释放污染物总量及区域影响具有重要意义。基于森林火灾污染物质释放方面的国内外文献,从火灾释放的污染物质对环境的影响、森林火灾释放污染物定量化和传输路径监测的研究方法、污染物质的扩散和运输模型以及跨区域影响等几个方面进行了综述。森林火灾释放的CO、PM₁₀和PM_2.5对环境和人的生命安全造成巨大威胁,而且森林火灾释放的污染物质能够随气流长距离传输,不仅对当地的空气造成污染,污染物也能够随着气团进行长距离传输,并在传输过程与当地气溶胶混合,形成跨区域污染。森林火灾释放污染物扩散、传输模拟通过不同模型相互耦合完成,包括可燃物载量估算模型、可燃物消耗和释放模型、污染物扩散传输模型,以及污染物预测和可视化模型等。总结了国内外森林火灾释放污染物质主要研究方法,并展望了今后研究重点:目前我国关于森林火灾释放物质相关的研究尚不足以支撑我国森林火灾温室气体释放、污染物释放等方面的研究,并且我国目前还没有发展出适合于我国的森林火灾污染物释放模型,以及污染物扩散、传输系统。森林火灾排放因子库大多数引用国外研究结果,在一定程度上增加不确定性,缺乏森林火灾对区域大气环境影响的定量化研究。因此,今后我国应加强对森林火灾污染物质释放与影响的研究,尤其是污染物质扩散和传输模型的预测和可视化研究以及排放因子的测量。     

A size-constrained feeding-niche model distinguishes predation patterns between aquatic and terrestrial food webs

Understanding the formation of feeding links provides insights into processes underlying food webs. Generally, predators feed on prey within a certain body-size range, but a systematic quantification of such feeding niches is lacking. We developed a size-constrained feeding-niche (SCFN) model and parameterized it with information on both realized and non-realized feeding links in 72 aquatic and 65 terrestrial food webs. Our analyses revealed profound differences in feeding niches between aquatic and terrestrial predators and variation along a temperature gradient. Specifically, the predator–prey body-size ratio and the range in prey sizes increase with the size of aquatic predators, whereas they are nearly constant across gradients in terrestrial predator size. Overall, our SCFN model well reproduces the feeding relationships and predation architecture across 137 natural food webs (including 3878 species and 136,839 realized links). Our results illuminate the organisation of natural food webs and enables novel trait-based and environment-explicit modelling approaches.