全文获取类型
收费全文 | 11590篇 |
免费 | 940篇 |
国内免费 | 796篇 |
专业分类
13326篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 21篇 |
2023年 | 219篇 |
2022年 | 411篇 |
2021年 | 648篇 |
2020年 | 408篇 |
2019年 | 528篇 |
2018年 | 554篇 |
2017年 | 350篇 |
2016年 | 521篇 |
2015年 | 728篇 |
2014年 | 815篇 |
2013年 | 942篇 |
2012年 | 1085篇 |
2011年 | 948篇 |
2010年 | 583篇 |
2009年 | 503篇 |
2008年 | 548篇 |
2007年 | 504篇 |
2006年 | 437篇 |
2005年 | 367篇 |
2004年 | 307篇 |
2003年 | 230篇 |
2002年 | 194篇 |
2001年 | 206篇 |
2000年 | 171篇 |
1999年 | 177篇 |
1998年 | 105篇 |
1997年 | 124篇 |
1996年 | 108篇 |
1995年 | 89篇 |
1994年 | 93篇 |
1993年 | 48篇 |
1992年 | 74篇 |
1991年 | 55篇 |
1990年 | 45篇 |
1989年 | 46篇 |
1988年 | 38篇 |
1987年 | 27篇 |
1986年 | 19篇 |
1985年 | 23篇 |
1984年 | 12篇 |
1983年 | 9篇 |
1982年 | 2篇 |
1981年 | 2篇 |
1980年 | 1篇 |
1979年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
981.
982.
泥鳅和大鳞副泥鳅卵雌核的紫外辐射灭活条件筛选 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
采用紫外线对泥鳅和大鳞副泥鳅卵雌性原核进行干法灭活以及在合成卵巢液、TC-199溶液、Ringer氏溶液和Holtfreter氏溶液中灭活,结果表明:当辐射剂量为90-180mJ/cm~2时,卵子在四种溶液中的单倍体诱导率均较高。合成卵巢液组的最佳辐射剂量为120-180mJ/cm~2;TC-199和Ringer氏溶液组的最佳辐射剂量为120mJ/cm~2;原液使用Holtfreter氏溶液效果欠佳,干法灭活效果最差。在上述各辐射剂量下,畸形苗经染色体组鉴定92%为雄核发育单倍体。综合评价,灭活效果依次是:人工合成卵巢液>TC-199溶液>Ringer氏溶液>Holtfreter氏溶液>干法。 相似文献
983.
绝经后雌激素缺乏会引起牙槽骨质流失、重塑和炎症。丁香油酚是一种酚类化合物,在牙科应用广泛并具有抗炎特性。在本研究中,以卵巢切除的大鼠为模型,服用不同剂量丁香油酚(2mg·kg-1·d-1和4mg·kg-1·d-1)12周(卵巢切除组),研究丁香油酚在牙槽骨组织中的骨保护作用。使用ELISA法检测血清中骨代谢标记物和促炎细胞因子,使用高分辨率微型计算机断层摄影术(CT)扫描牙槽骨形态,并进行骨组织学分析(H&E染色)。研究结果表明,丁香油酚不会增加卵巢切除大鼠体重和延缓子宫萎缩。由丁香油酚处理的卵巢切除大鼠的骨代谢标志物和炎性细胞因子含量显著提高,特别是高剂量组。丁香油酚的处理显著减弱了牙槽骨的形态测量变化,改善了牙槽吸收功能和牙龈渗透。卵巢切除大鼠的牙槽骨由于丁香油酚处理得到改善,炎性细胞因子表达降低。本研究初步结论表明,丁香油酚可以防止卵巢切除动物实验性诱导的牙槽骨损失,具有抗炎作用,对牙槽骨组织具有保护作用。 相似文献
984.
该研究利用石蜡切片技术观察并描述了兰科单型属竹叶兰属的花粉团发育过程,包括花形态解剖特征、8个花粉团的形成机制、花药壁发育模式、小孢子发生及雄配子体发育等特征,为该属复杂的系统亲缘关系提供胚胎学证据。结果表明:(1)成熟花药有两个药室,每个药室有4个一簇金色的花粉团,被白色花药帽;早期花药原基分化出的一对并列侧生药室,每个药室中央的小孢子囊在极面观方向分化出两条十字交叉的纵向不育隔膜组织,将其沿花药室纵轴方向深切为4个不等大的棒状次生孢子囊,最后发育为4个花粉团。(2)花药成熟时,靠花药开裂处的隔膜组织比近药隔膜组织的降解速度快且彻底,因此每个药室内的4个花粉团在花药开裂处粘合成一簇。(3)发育完好的花药壁共有6~7层,由外到内为表皮、3~4层药室内壁、中层和双核绒毡层,符合多层型花药壁的发育模式;花药成熟时,表皮退化,纤维性加厚发生在3~4层药室内壁,中层和绒毡层彻底降解。(4)小孢子母细胞通过同时型胞质分裂产生了正四面体型、左右对称、十字交叉型排列的小孢子四分体;小孢子四分体继续保持在同一胼胝质内完成了雄配子体发育,形成了2-细胞型的四合花粉;四合花粉两两或松散或紧密排列,构成了粉... 相似文献
985.
The fungal‐specific transcription factor Vdpf influences conidia production,melanized microsclerotia formation and pathogenicity in Verticillium dahliae 下载免费PDF全文
986.
Hou Enqing Rudgers Jennifer A. Collins Scott L. Litvak Marcy E. White Carleton S. Moore Douglas I. Luo Yiqi 《Biogeochemistry》2021,156(1):59-74
Biogeochemistry - Drylands contain a third of the organic carbon stored in global soils; however, the long-term dynamics of soil organic carbon in drylands remain poorly understood relative to... 相似文献
987.
Xia Jun Hao Xianzhe Wang Tangang Li Huiqin Shi Xiaojuan Liu Yongchang Luo Honghai 《Journal of Plant Growth Regulation》2023,42(1):319-334
Journal of Plant Growth Regulation - Exogenous substances play an important role in the response of cotton to low-temperature conditions during the germination stage, but little is known about the... 相似文献
988.
Jun Liu Jianguang Luo Hong Ye Yi Sun Zhaoxin Lu Xiaoxiong Zeng 《Carbohydrate polymers》2010,79(1):206-213
In this study, response surface methodology was employed to optimize the medium compositions for the production of exopolysaccharides (EPS) from endophytic bacterium Paenibacillus polymyxa EJS-3. Firstly, fractional factorial design was applied to evaluate the effects of different components in the medium. It was found that sucrose, yeast extract and CaCl2 influenced significantly the production of EPS. Then, steepest ascent method and central composite design were used to optimize the concentrations of the three variables. As results, the optimal medium compositions were determined as following (g/L): sucrose 188.2, yeast extract 25.8, K2HPO4 5 and CaCl2 0.34, with a corresponding yield of 35.26 g/L. In addition, both polysaccharide fractions (EPS-1 and EPS-2) from crude EPS were mainly composed of (2 → 6)-linked β-d-fructofuranosyl residues backbone with (2 → 1)-linked branches based on their structural characterization by FT-IR spectroscopy, methylation analysis and 13C NMR spectroscopy. 相似文献
989.
We investigated the morphology, morphogenesis and small subunit rRNA gene-based phylogeny of three marine urostylids, Uncinata gigantea Bullington, 1940, Holosticha heterofoissneri Hu & Song, 2001, and Holosticha cf. heterofoissneri. The dorsal morphogenesis of Uncinata gigantea shows de novo formation of two groups of anlagen near the marginal rows. Holosticha cf. heterofoissneri demonstrates fragmentation of the first dorsal kinety anlage as in Holosticha heterofoissneri. Our population of H. heterofoissneri corresponds well with previously described populations in terms of its general morphology and ciliary pattern. Uncinata gigantea can be recognized by its large and highly contractile body, yellowish to brownish cell colour, two types of cortical granules, and 20–30 transversely oriented and densely arranged cirri in the left marginal row, which often overlie the buccal vertex. Based on the new data, especially infraciliature, the genus Uncinata is here redefined. Both the morphology and phylogenetic analyses suggest that the genus Uncinata should be classified within the family Urostylidae. In addition, both morphological and morphogenetic data suggest that Holosticha bradburyae Gong et al., 2001 should be transferred to Uncinata as U. bradburyae (Gong et al., 2001) comb. nov., due to its possession of a characteristically prominent beak-like, leftwards curved projection and the developmental mode of the dorsal kineties. This assignment is supported by the phylogenetic analyses, which placed Uncinata gigantea in a clade with U. bradburyae (Gong et al., 2001) comb. nov., and revealed only 1.13% (19 bp) difference in their SSU-rDNA gene sequence. 相似文献
990.
Tai-Shun Lin Xin Guo Mei-Zhen Luo Mao-Chin Liu Yong-Lian Zhu Ginger E. Dutschman 《Nucleosides, nucleotides & nucleic acids》2013,32(3-5):619-625
Abstract The pharmacokinetics and toxicology of 2′,3′-dideoxy-β-L-5-fluorocytidine (β-L-FddC) and 2′,3′-dideoxy-β-L-cytidine (β-L-ddC) in mice was investigated. In addition, 2′,3′-dideoxy-β-L-5-azacytidine (β-L-5-aza-ddC) and its α-L-anomer (α-L-5-aza-ddC) were synthesized by coupling the silylated 5-azacytosine derivative with 1-O-acetyl-5-O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-2,3-dideoxy-L-ribofuranose, followed by separation of the α-and β-anomers and were evaluated in vitro against HBV and HIV. β-L-5-aza-ddC was found to show significant anti-HBV activity at approximately the same level as 2′,3′-dideoxy-β-D-cytidine (ddC), which is a known anti-HBV agent. β-L-5-aza-ddC was not cytotoxic to L1210, P388, S-180, and CCRF-CEM cells up to a concentration of 100 μ. Conversely, the α-L-anomer was not active against HBV at the same concentration. 相似文献