Ti‐Gradient Doping to Stabilize Layered Surface Structure for High Performance High‐Ni Oxide Cathode of Li‐Ion Battery

High‐Ni layered oxide cathodes are considered to be one of the most promising cathodes for high‐energy‐density lithium‐ion batteries due to their high capacity and low cost. However, surfice residues, such as NiO‐type rock‐salt phase and Li₂CO₃, are often formed at the particle surface due to the high reactivity of Ni³⁺, and inevitably result in an inferior electrochemical performance, hindering the practical application. Herein, unprecedentedly clean surfaces without any surfice residues are obtained in a representative LiNi_0.8Co_0.2O₂ cathode by Ti‐gradient doping. High‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveals that the particle surface is composed of a disordered layered phase (≈6 nm in thickness) with the same rhombohedra structure as its interior. The formation of this disordered layered phase at the particle surface is electrochemically favored. It leads to the highest rate capacity ever reported and a superior cycling stability. First‐principles calculations further confirm that the excellent electrochemical performance has roots in the excellent chemical/structural stability of such a disordered layered structure, mainly arising from the improved robustness of the oxygen framework by Ti doping. This strategy of constructing the disordered layered phase at the particle surface could be extended to other high‐Ni layered transition metal oxides, which will contribute to the enhancement of their electrochemical performance.     

凤阳山白豆杉种群结构及群落特性的研究

对凤阳山自然保护区白豆杉（Pseudotaxus chienii）种群大小级结构、分布格局及群落特性进行了研究.结果表明,白豆杉种群在福建柏 猴头杜鹃林及猴头杜鹃矮林中生长最为良好,其重要值分别可达5%～10%.在猴头杜鹃矮林中,大小级为增长型,存活曲线为Deevy-Ⅰ型,种群将得到长期发展;在福建柏 猴头杜鹃林中,大小级为衰退型,存活曲线为Deevy-Ⅲ型,但由于幼苗储备量较为丰富,在一定时期内还将保持稳定,在这两种群落类型中,种群呈现集群分布.在常绿阔叶林中,白豆杉的重要值只有0.9%,并且种群大小级为衰退型,存活曲线为Deevy-Ⅱ型,分布格局为随机分布,说明常绿阔叶林不适合白豆杉种群的生长.通过对白豆杉和其他种群的相关分析表明,白豆杉种群与猴头杜鹃、福建柏等呈正相关,而与褐叶青冈、木荷等呈负相关.可以认为,如果凤阳山白豆杉种群的生境能够得到切实的保护,该种群就能长期存活和发展.     

Sirtinol regulates the balance of Th17/Treg to prevent allograft rejection

Background

Current immunosuppressive medications used after transplantation induce significant toxicity , and a new medication regimen is needed. Based on recent research, Sirt1 exerts a proinflammatory effect on the immune response. Sirtinol is a Sirt1 inhibitor, but its impact on allograft rejection and its molecular mechanisms of action have not yet been reported.

Resluts

In this study, we examined the effect of sirtinol on prolonging allograft survival in a mouse cervical heterotopic heart transplantation model. Based on an examination of the allograft, allografts from sirtinol-treated recipients show significantly lower levels of IL-17A expression and higher levels of Foxp3 expression. In vivo, sirtinol reduces the proportion of Th17 cells and increases the proportion of Treg cells in splenocytes from recipients. In vitro, sirtinol reduces the proportion of Th17 cells and decreases the expression of IL-17A and RORγt in an isolated CD4⁺ T cell population. Moreover, we identified synergistic effects of sirtinol and FK506 on prolonging allograft survival, and sirtinol synergizes with FK506 to promote Foxp3 expression.

Conclusion

Sirtinol, a Sirt1 inhibitor, may be a promising immunosuppressive drug to prevent the rejection reaction in combination with FK506.

     

次生常绿阔叶林的群落结构与物种组成:基于浙江乌岩岭9 ha森林动态样地

常绿阔叶林是我国亚热带地区的地带性植被, 但由于长期的人为干扰, 目前仅有少量分布且主要以次生常绿阔叶林的形式存在。因此, 了解次生常绿阔叶林的物种共存机制对于保护森林生物多样性非常重要。基于大型动态监测样地对森林的物种组成及群落结构进行研究, 是揭示生物多样性维持机制的重要手段。按照美国史密森研究院热带森林科学研究中心(Center for Tropical Forest Science, CTFS)大型森林动态样地建设标准, 于2011-2012年在浙江省乌岩岭国家级自然保护区内建立了1个9 ha森林动态监测样地。通过对样地内胸径≥ 1 cm木本植物的物种组成(如重要值)、群落结构(如区系组成和径级结构等)以及空间分布的分析发现: (1)样地有木本植物存活个体47科92属200种71,396株, 其中壳斗科、樟科、山茶科、冬青科、杜鹃花科和山矾科等占优势; (2)在区系组成上, 热带成分略多于温带成分; (3)群落径级结构接近倒“J”型, 表明群落更新良好, 其中优势种径级结构呈倒“J”型、偏常态型和波动型等各种形态, 且并未表现出种群衰退的趋势; (4)优势种表现出明显的生境偏好和聚集分布格局, 暗示生境异质性可能是影响亚热带次生常绿阔叶林物种空间分布的重要因素。     

古田山10种主要森林群落类型的α和β多样性格局及影响因素

古田山国家级自然保护区地处中亚热带, 地形复杂, 森林群落类型丰富。我们在保护区内10种主要森林群落类型中网格化布置并调查了79个20 m × 20 m样地, 分析了不同群落类型内及相互间的α (Shannon-Wiener指数)、β (Horn-Morisita相异性指数)多样性分布格局及其影响因素。结果表明: (1) α多样性主要受到群落类型、海拔和坡向的影响。α多样性在不同群落类型间差异显著, 并且随海拔升高、坡向从南到北, α多样性增大。(2) β多样性主要受到群落类型和海拔的影响, 受空间距离的影响不显著。不同群落类型间的β多样性显著大于同一群落类型内部, 并且随海拔升高β多样性增大。总体而言, 群落类型和海拔是古田山森林群落α和β多样性的主要影响因子, 表明生境过滤等机制对该区域的森林物种多样性格局起着主要作用。     

水盾草入侵沉水植物群落的季节动态

水盾草(cabomba caroliniana)是原产美国和南美巴西等地的多年生植物。自1993年作为新记录报道以来,在中国华东水网地带大面积扩散,并在江苏太湖流域、浙江杭嘉湖平原、宁绍平原等水域成为很多沉水植物群落的优势种。课题组在其分布区的苏州太湖乡、湖州道场乡、杭州五常乡、绍兴陶堰镇、柯岩镇和宁波方桥镇等6个地点设置固定样地对水盾草入侵群落进行了9个季节的调查,分析了不同季节群落种类组成与生物量的变化等。结果表明：各群落优势种在不同季节有变化,有些群落在所调查季节中主要优势种都为水盾草(五常乡、柯岩镇和方桥镇),另一些群落优势种则发生季节及年际变化(太湖乡、道场乡和陶堰镇),如太湖乡冬季优势种均为菹草、其它季节为水盾草。水盾草的生物量在样地、季节间变化很大,最高一般在秋季,变幅达近50倍。水盾草生物量的季节动态显示3种情况：一是由于人为干扰大幅下降,二是处于相对稳定的平衡状态,三是大幅上升。其中后两种情况下人为干扰较小,是群落自身演替的结果。从种类组成来看,种类组成单一的群落,水盾草重要值均在50％以上;种类组成复杂的群落,其重要值随季节而变化。说明群落物种丰度与其对水盾草的易感性间有较密切的联系,水盾草易于入侵组成单一的群落,并迅速成为优势种。本地种与水盾草的生物量最大值出现在不同水深下,水盾草的最适生长水深在1．6m左右的水域,而本地种金鱼藻、苦草和黑藻的最适水深在0．8～1m左右。水盾草4个季节最适水深比本地种都要大,表明在它们在沉水植物群落中处于不同生态位。较低的群落物种多样性与空间生态位空缺可能是水盾草成功入侵的主要原因。清淤等人为控制是防治水盾草入侵成功的有效手段,但这也将使本地种的生存受到威胁。