Voltage-dependent inhibition of outward Kir2.1 currents by extracellular spermine

Outward currents through inward rectifier Kir2.1 channels play crucial roles in controlling the electrical properties of excitable cells. Extracellular monovalent and divalent cations have been shown to reduce outward K⁺ conductance. In the present study, we examined whether spermine, with four positive charges, also inhibits outward Kir2.1 currents. We found that extracellular spermine inhibits steady-state outward Kir2.1 currents, an effect that increases as the voltage becomes more depolarizing, similar to that observed for intracellular spermine. However, several lines of evidence suggest that extracellular spermine does not inhibit outward currents by entering the cytoplasmic pore. Site-directed mutagenesis studies support that extracellular spermine directly interacts with the extracellular domain. In addition, we found that the voltage-dependent decay of outward Kir2.1 currents was necessary for inhibition by extracellular spermine. Further, a region at or near the selectivity filter and the cytoplasmic pore are involved in the voltage-dependent decay and thus in the inhibition of outward currents by extracellular spermine. Taken together, the data suggest that extracellular spermine bound to the mouth of the extracellular pore may induce an allosteric effect on voltage-dependent decay of outward currents, a process in which a region in the vicinity of the selectivity filter and cytoplasmic pore are involved. This study reveals that the extracellular pore domain, the selectivity filter and the cytoplasmic pore are in communication and this coupling is involved in modulating K⁺ conduction in the Kir2.1 channel.     

Extracellular K+ elevates outward currents through Kir2.1 channels by increasing single-channel conductance

Outward currents through inward rectifier K+ channels (Kir) play a pivotal role in determining resting membrane potential and in controlling excitability in many cell types. Thus, the regulation of outward Kir current (IK1) is important for appropriate physiological functions. It is known that outward IK1 increases with increasing extracellular K+ concentration ([K+]o), but the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. A "K+-activation of K+-channel" hypothesis and a "blocking-particle" model have been proposed to explain the [K+]o-dependence of outward IK1. Yet, these mechanisms have not been examined at the single-channel level. In the present study, we explored the mechanisms that determine the amplitudes of outward IK1 at constant driving forces [membrane potential (Vm) minus reversal potential (EK)]. We found that increases in [K+]o elevated the single-channel current to the same extent as macroscopic IK1 but did not affect the channel open probability at a constant driving force. In addition, spermine-binding kinetics remained unchanged when [K+]o ranged from 1 to 150 mM at a constant driving force. We suggest the regulation of K+ permeation by [K+]o as a new mechanism for the [K+]o-dependence of outward IK1.     

The GAS41-PP2Cbeta complex dephosphorylates p53 at serine 366 and regulates its stability

The p53 tumor suppressor is principally regulated by post-translational modifications and proteasome-dependent degradation. Various kinases have been shown to phosphorylate p53, but little is known about the counteracting phosphatases. We demonstrate here that the newly identified complex GAS41-PP2Cβ, and not PP2Cβ alone, is specifically required for dephosphorylation of serine 366 on p53. Ectopic expression of GAS41 and PP2Cβ reduces UV radiation-induced p53 up-regulation, thereby increasing the cell survival upon genotoxic DNA damage. To our knowledge, the GAS41-PP2Cβ complex is the first example in which substrate specificity of a PP2C family member is controlled by an associated regulatory subunit. Because GAS41 is frequently amplified in human gliomas, our finding illustrates a novel oncogenic mechanism of GAS41 by p53 dephosphorylation.     

Cloning of the gene and characterization of the enzymatic properties of the monomeric alkaline phosphatase (PhoX) from Pasteurella multocida strain X-73

We have identified a new phoX gene encoding the monomeric alkaline phosphatase from Pasteurella multocida X-73. This gene was not found in the published genome sequence of Pasteurella multocida pm70. Characterization of the recombinant PhoX of Pasteurella multocida X-73 showed that it is a monomeric enzyme, activated by Ca(2+) and possibly secreted by the Tat pathway. These features distinguish phosphatases of the PhoX family from those of the PhoA family. All proteins of the PhoX family were found to contain a conserved motif that shares significant sequence homology with the calcium-binding site of a phosphotriesterase known as diisopropylfluorophosphatase. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that D527 of PhoX might be the ligand bound to the catalytic calcium. This is the first report on identification of homologous sequences between PhoX and the phosphotriesterase and on the potential calcium-binding site of PhoX.     

HER-2/neu raises SHP-2, stops IFN-gamma anti-proliferation in bladder cancer

Gene amplification or HER-2/neu protein overexpression signals a poor outcome for bladder cancer patients. We investigated the anti-proliferative effect of IFN-gamma in HER-2/neu-transfected human bladder cancer cells (TCC-N5 and TCC-N10). The cells continued growing after IFN-gamma stimulation but did not activate the Janus kinase (Jak)/Stat pathway. We found Jak/Stat protein phosphatase in TCC-N5 and TCC-N10 cells with upregulated Src homology 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-2 (SHP-2). After the cells had been treated with AG825, a HER-2/neu-specific inhibitor, SHP-2 expression declined, and Jak2/Stat1 reactivated. Similar results were reported in a mouse bladder cancer cell line, MBT2, with constitutive HER-2/neu overexpression. Further, AG825 pretreatment restored the anti-proliferation activity of IFN-gamma in TCC-N5 and TCC-N10 cells. Therefore, the suppression of IFN-gamma signaling in HER-2/neu-overexpressing bladder cancer cells might be due to SHP-2 upregulation. The regulation of SHP-2 by HER-2/neu provides a new target for blocking the HER-2/neu oncogenic pathway.     

Population Patterns of a Riparian Frog (Rana swinhoana) Before and After an Earthquake in Subtropical Taiwan

We compared the population dynamics of a riparian ranid frog, Rana swinhoana, before (1996–1999) and after (1999–2001) a strong earthquake. This earthquake caused little disturbance to the vegetation and landscape of the study site but the stream and ponds dried up within a week. Nearly all frogs marked (1002 of 1004) before the earthquake had disappeared after the earthquake. Smaller, unmarked frogs began to appear in stream habitats about 9 mo after the earthquake, and the frog population was much smaller than it was before the earthquake. Population dynamics and temporal and spatial distribution of frogs before and after the earthquake correlated closely with the hydrology of the stream and ponds. The movement patterns of frogs before and after the earthquake were similar, suggesting frog behavior did not change in response to drastic changes in hydrology, and frogs continued to exhibit strong site-fidelity. Following the earthquake, stream water volume was much lower, especially in the summer, which allowed the normally winter-breeding frogs to breed year-round. Results demonstrate that a population of R. swinhoana can disappear suddenly as the result of a natural disturbance. We propose that anuran species that exhibit strong site-fidelity are particularly susceptible to extirpation of local populations because frogs may lack the behavioral plasticity to respond to sudden water depletion.     

Genome-wide association study in east Asians identifies novel susceptibility loci for breast cancer

Genetic factors play an important role in the etiology of both sporadic and familial breast cancer. We aimed to discover novel genetic susceptibility loci for breast cancer. We conducted a four-stage genome-wide association study (GWAS) in 19,091 cases and 20,606 controls of East-Asian descent including Chinese, Korean, and Japanese women. After analyzing 690,947 SNPs in 2,918 cases and 2,324 controls, we evaluated 5,365 SNPs for replication in 3,972 cases and 3,852 controls. Ninety-four SNPs were further evaluated in 5,203 cases and 5,138 controls, and finally the top 22 SNPs were investigated in up to 17,423 additional subjects (7,489 cases and 9,934 controls). SNP rs9485372, near the TGF-β activated kinase (TAB2) gene in chromosome 6q25.1, showed a consistent association with breast cancer risk across all four stages, with a P-value of 3.8×10⁻¹² in the combined analysis of all samples. Adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) were 0.89 (0.85–0.94) and 0.80 (0.75–0.86) for the A/G and A/A genotypes, respectively, compared with the genotype G/G. SNP rs9383951 (P = 1.9×10⁻⁶ from the combined analysis of all samples), located in intron 5 of the ESR1 gene, and SNP rs7107217 (P = 4.6×10⁻⁷), located at 11q24.3, also showed a consistent association in each of the four stages. This study provides strong evidence for a novel breast cancer susceptibility locus represented by rs9485372, near the TAB2 gene (6q25.1), and identifies two possible susceptibility loci located in the ESR1 gene and 11q24.3, respectively.     

Mitochondrial apoptosis and FAK signaling disruption by a novel histone deacetylase inhibitor, HTPB, in antitumor and antimetastatic mouse models

Background

Compound targeting histone deacetylase (HDAC) represents a new era in molecular cancer therapeutics. However, effective HDAC inhibitors for the treatment of solid tumors remain to be developed.

Methodology/Principal Findings

Here, we propose a novel HDAC inhibitor, N-Hydroxy-4-(4-phenylbutyryl-amino) benzamide (HTPB), as a potential chemotherapeutic drug for solid tumors. The HDAC inhibition of HTPB was confirmed using HDAC activity assay. The antiproliferative and anti-migratory mechanisms of HTPB were investigated by cell proliferation, flow cytometry, DNA ladder, caspase activity, Rho activity, F-actin polymerization, and gelatin-zymography for matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Mice with tumor xenograft and experimental metastasis model were used to evaluate effects on tumor growth and metastasis. Our results indicated that HTPB was a pan-HDAC inhibitor in suppressing cell viability specifically of lung cancer cells but not of the normal lung cells. Upon HTPB treatment, cell cycle arrest was induced and subsequently led to mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. HTPB disrupted F-actin dynamics via downregulating RhoA activity. Moreover, HTPB inhibited activity of MMP2 and MMP9, reduced integrin-β1/focal adhesion complex formation and decreased pericellular poly-fibronectin assemblies. Finally, intraperitoneal injection or oral administration of HTPB efficiently inhibited A549 xenograft tumor growth in vivo without side effects. HTPB delayed lung metastasis of 4T1 mouse breast cancer cells. Acetylation of histone and non-histone proteins, induction of apoptotic-related proteins and de-phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase were confirmed in treated mice.

Conclusions/Significance

These results suggested that intrinsic apoptotic pathway may involve in anti-tumor growth effects of HTPB in lung cancer cells. HTPB significantly suppresses tumor metastasis partly through inhibition of integrin-β1/FAK/MMP/RhoA/F-actin pathways. We have provided convincing preclinical evidence that HTPB is a potent HDAC targeted inhibitor and is thus a promising candidate for lung cancer chemotherapy.