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21.
Summary Histochemical studies performed on specimens of intestine from 12 to 37-week human foetuses showed that the epithelial glycoproteins of the goblet cells of the small intestine are non-sulphated sialoglycoproteins containing neutral sugar (hexose, 6-deoxy hexose or N-acetyl hexosamine residues with Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reactive vicinal diols), sialic acids without O-acyl substituents, smaller and variable quantities of sialic acids with O-acyl substituents at positions C8 or C9 (or with two or three side chain substituents) and O-acyl sugars (neutral sugars with an ester substituent blocking PAS reactivity). In the lower small intestine glycoproteins containing 8 (or 9)-O-acyl sialic acids are first observed in goblet cells at the tips of the villi. As the foetus matures their quantity increases and they are found in goblet cells located along the length of the villi. Smaller quantities of O-acyl sialic acids and traces of O-acyl sugars occur in the goblet cells of the upper small intestine. The colonic goblet cells contain sulphosialoglycoproteins of two types. The first type, found in the majority of specimens, contains O-sulphate ester, neutral sugar, O-acyl sugars and 8 (or 9)-O-acyl sialic acids. The second type contains O-sulphate ester, neutral sugars, and sialic acids which are either without side chain O-acyl substituents or are a mixture of such acids and 8 (or 9)-O-acyl sialic acids; O-acyl sugars are reduced or absent. The degree of sulphation of the foetal colonic goblet cell epithelial glycoproteins differs with the region of the colon, the level of the crypt and the gestational age of the foetus in a manner consistent with that described by Lev & Orlic (1974). The detection of O-acyl sugars in foetal intestinal glycoproteins adds to the known examples of such sugars and strengthens the suggestion that they are a normal constituent of colonic epithelial glycoproteins.Part of this work was presented at the 32nd meeting of the Canadian Federation of Biological Sciences, Calgary, Alberta, June 1989 (abstract # 336). 相似文献
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23.
O-Glycosidic analogs of N-acetylglucosamine are good substrates for galactosyltransferase, and as the O-substituted group becomes more hydrophobic, the apparent Km decreases as much as 2000-fold. l-leucine, leucine-amide, norleucine, valine, ?-amino-n-caproic acid and tyrosine-agaroses all retain galactosyltransferase in the presence of 1.25 m ammonium sulfate. The enzyme is eluted quantitatively with a five- to tenfold purification by a decreasing linear gradient of ammonium sulfate. Galactosyltransferase was not specifically bound on any of a series of ω-aminoalkylagaroses tested. A simple and highly efficient procedure for the isolation of galactosyltransferase from bovine skim milk was developed and consisted of a 40–60% ammonium sulfate precipitation of the enzyme from skim milk followed by chromatography on (1) norleucine-Sepharose, (2) UDP-hexanolamine-Sepharose, and (3) α-lactalbumin-Sepharose. 相似文献
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25.
Algae are ubiquitous in the marine environment, and the ways in which they interact with bacteria are of particular interest in the field of marine ecology. The interactions between primary producers and bacteria impact the physiology of both partners, alter the chemistry of their environment, and shape microbial diversity. Although algal-bacterial interactions are well known and studied, information regarding the chemical-ecological role of this relationship remains limited, particularly with respect to quorum sensing (QS), which is a system of stimuli and response correlated to population density. In the microbial biosphere, QS is pivotal in driving community structure and regulating behavioral ecology, including biofilm formation, virulence, antibiotic resistance, swarming motility, and secondary metabolite production. Many marine habitats, such as the phycosphere, harbor diverse populations of microorganisms and various signal languages (such as QS-based autoinducers). QS-mediated interactions widely influence algal-bacterial symbiotic relationships, which in turn determine community organization, population structure, and ecosystem functioning. Understanding infochemicals-mediated ecological processes may shed light on the symbiotic interactions between algae host and associated microbes. In this review, we summarize current achievements about how QS modulates microbial behavior, affects symbiotic relationships, and regulates phytoplankton chemical-ecological processes. Additionally, we present an overview of QS-modulated co-evolutionary relationships between algae and bacterioplankton, and consider the potential applications and future perspectives of QS. 相似文献
26.
K R Luehrsen S Davidson Y J Lee R Rouhani A Soleimani T Raich C A Cain E J Collarini D T Yamanishi J Pearson K Magee M R Madlansacay V Bodepudi D Davoudzadeh P A Schueler W Mahoney 《The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry》2000,48(1):133-145
Oligonucleotides that carry a detectable label can be used to probe for mRNA targets in in situ hybridization experiments. Oligonucleotide probes (OPs) have several advantages over cDNA probes and riboprobes. These include the easy synthesis of large quantities of probe, superior penetration of probe into cells and tissues, and the ability to design gene- or allele-specific probes. One significant disadvantage of OPs is poor sensitivity, in part due to the constraints of adding and subsequently detecting multiple labels per oligonucleotide. In this study, we compared OPs labeled with multiple detectable haptens (such as biotin, digoxigenin, or fluorescein) to those directly conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). We used branching phosphoramidites to add from two to 64 haptens per OP and show that in cells, 16-32 haptens per OP give the best detection sensitivity for mRNA targets. OPs were also made by directly conjugating the same oligonucleotide sequences to HRP. In general, the HRP-conjugated OPs were more sensitive than the multihapten versions of the same sequence. Both probe designs work well both on cells and on formaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. We also show that a cocktail of OPs further increases sensitivity and that OPs can be designed to detect specific members of a gene family. This work demonstrates that multihapten-labeled and HRP-conjugated OPs are sensitive and specific and can make superior in situ hybridization probes for both research and diagnostic applications. 相似文献
27.
Bobby G. Ng Paulina Sosicka François Fenaille Annie Harroche Sandrine Vuillaumier-Barrot Mindy Porterfield Zhi-Jie Xia Shannon Wagner Michael J. Bamshad Marie-Christine Vergnes-Boiteux Sophie Cholet Stephen Dalton Anne Dell Thierry Dupré Mathieu Fiore Stuart M. Haslam Yohann Huguenin Tadahiro Kumagai Hudson H. Freeze 《American journal of human genetics》2021,108(6):1040-1052
28.
Crystal H Johnson Brianna L Skinner Sharon M Dietz David Blaney Robyn M Engel George W Lathrop Alex R Hoffmaster Jay E Gee Mindy G Elrod Nathaniel Powell Henry Walke 《Comparative medicine》2013,63(6):528-535
Identification of the select agent Burkholderia pseudomallei in macaques imported into the United States is rare. A purpose-bred, 4.5-y-old pigtail macaque (Macaca nemestrina) imported from Southeast Asia was received from a commercial vendor at our facility in March 2012. After the initial acclimation period of 5 to 7 d, physical examination of the macaque revealed a subcutaneous abscess that surrounded the right stifle joint. The wound was treated and resolved over 3 mo. In August 2012, 2 mo after the stifle joint wound resolved, the macaque exhibited neurologic clinical signs. Postmortem microbiologic analysis revealed that the macaque was infected with B. pseudomallei. This case report describes the clinical evaluation of a B. pseudomallei-infected macaque, management and care of the potentially exposed colony of animals, and protocols established for the animal care staff that worked with the infected macaque and potentially exposed colony. This article also provides relevant information on addressing matters related to regulatory issues and risk management of potentially exposed animals and animal care staff.Abbreviations: CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; IHA, indirect hemagglutination assay; PEP, postexposure prophylacticBurkholderia pseudomallei, formerly known as Pseudomonas pseudomallei, is a gram-negative, aerobic, bipolar, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. B. pseudomallei infections (melioidosis) can be severe and even fatal in both humans and animals. This environmental saprophyte is endemic to Southeast Asia and northern Australia, but it has also been found in other tropical and subtropical areas of the world.7,22,32,42 The bacterium is usually found in soil and water in endemic areas and is transmitted to humans and animals primarily through percutaneous inoculation, ingestion, or inhalation of a contaminated source.8, 22,28,32,42 Human-to-human, animal-to-animal, and animal-to-human spread are rare.8,32 In December 2012, the National Select Agent Registry designated B. pseudomallei as a Tier 1 overlap select agent.39 Organisms classified as Tier 1 agents present the highest risk of deliberate misuse, with the most significant potential for mass casualties or devastating effects to the economy, critical infrastructure, or public confidence. Select agents with this status have the potential to pose a severe threat to human and animal health or safety or the ability to be used as a biologic weapon.39Melioidosis in humans can be challenging to diagnose and treat because the organism can remain latent for years and is resistant to many antibiotics.12,37,41
B. pseudomallei can survive in phagocytic cells, a phenomenon that may be associated with latent infections.19,38 The incubation period in naturally infected animals ranges from 1 d to many years, but symptoms typically appear 2 to 4 wk after exposure.13,17,35,38 Disease generally presents in 1 of 2 forms: localized infection or septicemia.22 Multiple methods are used to diagnose melioidosis, including immunofluorescence, serology, and PCR analysis, but isolation of the bacteria from blood, urine, sputum, throat swabs, abscesses, skin, or tissue lesions remains the ‘gold standard.’9,22,40,42 The prognosis varies based on presentation, time to diagnosis, initiation of appropriate antimicrobial treatment, and underlying comorbidities.7,28,42 Currently, there is no licensed vaccine to prevent melioidosis.There are several published reports of naturally occurring melioidosis in a variety of nonhuman primates (NHP; 2,10,13,17,25,30,31,35 The first reported case of melioidosis in monkeys was recorded in 1932, and the first published case in a macaque species was in 1966.30 In the United States, there have only been 7 documented cases of NHP with B. pseudomallei infection.2,13,17 All of these cases occurred prior to the classification of B. pseudomallei as a select agent. Clinical signs in NHP range from subclinical or subacute illness to acute septicemia, localized infection, and chronic infection. NHP with melioidosis can be asymptomatic or exhibit clinical signs such as anorexia, wasting, purulent drainage, subcutaneous abscesses, and other soft tissue lesions. Lymphadenitis, lameness, osteomyelitis, paralysis and other CNS signs have also been reported.2,7,10,22,28,32 In comparison, human''s clinical signs range from abscesses, skin ulceration, fever, headache, joint pain, and muscle tenderness to abdominal pain, anorexia, respiratory distress, seizures, and septicemia.7,9,21,22
Open in a separate windowaCountry reflects the location where the animal was housed at the time of diagosis.Here we describe a case of melioidosis diagnosed in a pigtail macaque (Macaca nemestrina) imported into the United States from Indonesia and the implications of the detection of a select agent identified in a laboratory research colony. We also discuss the management and care of the exposed colony, zoonotic concerns regarding the animal care staff that worked with the shipment of macaques, effects on research studies, and the procedures involved in reporting a select agent incident. 相似文献
Table 1.
Summary of reported cases of naturally occurring Burkholderia pseudomalleiinfections in nonhuman primatesCountrya | Imported from | Date reported | Species | Reference |
Australia | Borneo | 1963 | Pongo sp. | 36 |
Brunei | Unknown | 1982 | Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) | 33 |
France | 1976 | Hamlyn monkey (Cercopithecus hamlyni) Patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas) | 11 | |
Great Britain | Philippines and Indonesia | 1992 | Cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) | 10 |
38 | ||||
Malaysia | Unknown | 1966 | Macaca spp. | 30 |
Unknown | 1968 | Spider monkey (Brachytelis arachnoides) Lar gibbon (Hylobates lar) | 20 | |
Unknown | 1969 | Pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) | 35 | |
Unknown | 1984 | Banded leaf monkey (Presbytis melalophos) | 25 | |
Singapore | Unknown | 1995 | Gorillas, gibbon, mandrill, chimpanzee | 43 |
Thailand | Unknown | 2012 | Monkey | 19 |
United States | Thailand | 1970 | Stump-tailed macaque (Macaca arctoides) | 17 |
India | Pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) | |||
Africa | Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) | |||
Unknown | 1971 | Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) | 3 | |
Malaysia | 1981 | Pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) | 2 | |
Wild-caught, unknown | 1986 | Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) | 13 | |
Indonesia | 2013 | Pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) | Current article |
29.
Codon usage bias (CUB) results from the complex interplay between translational selection and mutational biases. Current methods for CUB analysis apply heuristics to integrate both components, limiting the depth and scope of CUB analysis as a technique to probe into the evolution and optimization of protein-coding genes. Here we introduce a self-consistent CUB index (scnRCA) that incorporates implicit correction for mutational biases, facilitating exploration of the translational selection component of CUB. We validate this technique using gene expression data and we apply it to a detailed analysis of CUB in the Pseudomonadales. Our results illustrate how the selective enrichment of specific codons among highly expressed genes is preserved in the context of genome-wide shifts in codon frequencies, and how the balance between mutational and translational biases leads to varying definitions of codon optimality. We extend this analysis to other moderate and fast growing bacteria and we provide unified support for the hypothesis that C- and A-ending codons of two-box amino acids, and the U-ending codons of four-box amino acids, are systematically enriched among highly expressed genes across bacteria. The use of an unbiased estimator of CUB allows us to report for the first time that the signature of translational selection is strongly conserved in the Pseudomonadales in spite of drastic changes in genome composition, and extends well beyond the core set of highly optimized genes in each genome. We generalize these results to other moderate and fast growing bacteria, hinting at selection for a universal pattern of gene expression that is conserved and detectable in conserved patterns of codon usage bias. 相似文献
30.
Meredith Mealer John Kittelson B. Taylor Thompson Arthur P. Wheeler John C. Magee Ronald J. Sokol Marc Moss Michael G. Kahn 《PloS one》2013,8(12)