Perovskite Solar Cells go Outdoors: Field Testing and Temperature Effects on Energy Yield

Perovskite solar cells (PSC) have shown that under laboratory conditions they can compete with established photovoltaic technologies. However, controlled laboratory measurements usually performed do not fully resemble operational conditions and field testing outdoors, with day‐night cycles, changing irradiance and temperature. In this contribution, the performance of PSCs in the rooftop field test, exposed to real weather conditions is evaluated. The 1 cm² single‐junction devices, with an initial average power conversion efficiency of 18.5% are tracked outdoors in maximum power point over several weeks. In parallel, irradiance and air temperature are recorded, allowing us to correlate outside factors with generated power. To get more insight into outdoor device performance, a comprehensive set of laboratory measurements under different light intensities (10% to 120% of AM1.5) and temperatures is performed. From these results, a low power temperature coefficient of ?0.17% K^?1 is extracted in the temperature range between 25 and 85 °C. By incorporating these temperature‐ and light‐dependent PV parameters into the energy yield model, it is possible to correctly predict the generated energy of the devices, thus validating the energy yield model. In addition, degradation of the tested devices can be tracked precisely from the difference between measured and modelled power.     

Indoor Thin‐Film Photovoltaics: Progress and Challenges

Energy generation and consumption have always been an important component of social development. Interests in this field are beginning to shift to indoor photovoltaics (IPV) which can serve as power sources under low light conditions to meet the energy needs of rapidly growing fields, such as intelligence gathering and information processing which usually operate via the Internet‐of‐things (IoT). Since the power requirements for this purpose continue to decrease, IPV systems under low light may facilitate the realization of self‐powered high‐tech electronic devices connected through the IoT. This review discusses and compares the characteristics of different types of IPV devices such as those based on silicon, dye, III‐V semiconductors, organic compounds, and halide perovskites. Among them, specific attention is paid to perovskite photovoltaics which may potentially become a high performing IPV system due to the fascinating photophysics of the halide perovskite active layer. The limitations of such indoor application as they relate to the toxicity, stability, and electronic structure of halide perovskites are also discussed. Finally, strategies which could produce highly functional, nontoxic, and stable perovskite photovoltaics devices for indoor applications are proposed.     

Accelerating Atomic Catalyst Discovery by Theoretical Calculations‐Machine Learning Strategy

Atomic catalysts (AC) are emerging as a highly attractive research topic, especially in sustainable energy fields. Lack of a full picture of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) impedes the future development of potential electrocatalysts. In this work, the systematic investigation of the HER process in graphdyine (GDY) based AC is presented in terms of the adsorption energies, adsorption trend, electronic structures, reaction pathway, and active sites. This comprehensive work innovatively reveals GDY based AC for HER covering all the transition metals (TM) and lanthanide (Ln) metals, enabling the screening of potential catalysts. The density functional theory (DFT) calculations carefully explore the HER performance beyond the comparison of sole H adsorption. Therefore, the screened catalysts candidates not only match with experimental results but also provide significant references for novel catalysts. Moreover, the machine learning (ML) technique bag‐tree approach is innovatively utilized based on the fuzzy model for data separation and converse prediction of the HER performance, which indicates a similar result to the theoretical calculations. From two independent theoretical perspectives (DFT and ML), this work proposes pivotal guidelines for experimental catalyst design and synthesis. The proposed advanced research strategy shows great potential as a general approach in other energy‐related areas.     

New Lithium Salt Forms Interphases Suppressing Both Li Dendrite and Polysulfide Shuttling

Lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) are considered promising candidates for the next‐generation energy‐storage systems due to their high theoretical capacity and prevalent abundance of sulfur. Their reversible operation, however, encounters challenges from both the anode, where dendritic and dead Li‐metal form, and the cathode, where polysulfides dissolve and become parasitic shuttles. Both issues arise from the imperfection of interphases between electrolyte and electrode. Herein, a new lithium salt based on an imide anion with fluorination and unsaturation in its structure is reported, whose interphasial chemistries resolve these issues simultaneously. Lithium 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3‐hexafluoropropane‐1, 3‐disulfonimide (LiHFDF) forms highly fluorinated interphases at both anode and cathode surfaces, which effectively suppress formation of Li‐dendrites and dissolution/shuttling of polysulfides, and significantly improves the electrochemical reversibility of LSBs. In a broader context, this new Li salt offers a new perspective for diversified beyond Li‐ion chemistries that rely on a Li‐metal anode and active cathode materials.     

Industrial attributes of β-glucanase produced by Bacillus sp. CSB55 and its potential application as bio-industrial catalyst

Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering - The β-glucanase produced from Bacillus sp. CSB55 not only depicts the potent industrial characteristics but also relates as bio-industrial catalyst...     

阻断趋化因子CXCL10对脑缺血再灌注损伤及神经炎症的影响

目的:探讨趋化因子CXCL10在脑缺血再灌注损伤中对神经炎症的影响。方法:(1)线栓法建立脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠模型,TTC染色检测梗死面积,Western blot检测CXCL10的表达;(2)建立小鼠神经瘤母细胞N2a氧糖剥夺/复氧(oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation,OGD/R)模型,通过CXCR3拮抗剂-NBI 74330阻断趋化因子CXCL10表达,Western blot检测CXCL10和CXCR3蛋白的表达;Real-time PCR检测CXCL10、CXCR3以及神经炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-2 m RNA的表达。结果:(1)脑缺血再灌注(cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury,CIRI)模型大鼠脑梗死侧CXCR10的表达量显著高于其对侧和假手术组(P<0.05);(2)阻断CXCL10使得小鼠神经瘤母细胞N2a中CXCL10、CXCR3以及炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-2的表达量均显著降低(P<0.05);(3)阻断CXCL10使得小鼠神经瘤母细胞细胞凋亡率降低(P<0.05)。结论:抑制CXCL10降低了氧糖剥夺模型细胞炎症因子的表达,表明阻断CXCL10可能通过减轻神经炎症在脑缺血再灌注损伤中发挥保护作用。     

重庆地区人类免疫缺陷病毒携带者的微孢子虫感染情况调查

目前我国关于微孢子虫感染人的研究相对较少,更没有关于重庆地区人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)携带者感染微孢子虫的数据统计。对重庆市公共卫生医疗救治中心收治的22例HIV抗体阳性,但尚未接受抗病毒治疗的患者进行研究。将22例患者粪便样本分别提取总DNA,通过聚合酶链反应(PCR)法和DNA测序等技术对微孢子虫在患者中的感染情况进行检测,并对微孢子虫种类进行鉴定。同时对22例患者的免疫细胞亚群进行计数和分析。结果显示,微孢子虫的感染率为36.3%(8/22),主要由脑炎微孢子虫属(Encephalitozoon spp)的海伦脑炎微孢子虫(E. hellem)和肠脑炎微孢子虫(E. intestinalis)引起。22例患者的免疫细胞亚群分析显示,平均淋巴细胞数0.93±0.13×10⁹/L,CD4^＋T细胞数132±22 个/mL,CD8^＋T细胞数495±91 个/mL,CD4/CD8细胞比值0.37±0.1,表明患者免疫功能受到严重抑制。进一步将微孢子虫感染患者与未感染患者的免疫细胞亚群进行比较发现,感染患者淋巴细胞数为0.51±0.1×10⁹/L,未感染患者为1.17±0.17 ×10⁹/L,两者具有显著差异(P<0.05);感染患者CD4^＋T细胞数为71±27 个/mL,未感染患者为167±28 个/mL,两者具有显著差异(P<0.05);感染患者CD8^＋T细胞数为209±35 个/mL,未感染患者为658±123 个/mL,两者具有显著差异(P<0.05),以上表明微孢子虫感染组的免疫功能受损情况更严重。本研究结果提示微孢子虫的机会性感染与患者免疫功能受损情况密切相关,脑炎微孢子虫属在重庆地区有较高的感染率,这为进一步阐明微孢子虫与宿主相互作用关系奠定基础,也为公共卫生健康管理提供重要参考。     

高血压患者饮食习惯、传统制剂服用现状调查及其影响因素分析

目的:调查高血压患者饮食习惯以及传统制剂服用现状,并分析饮食习惯与高血压患病的关系以及传统制剂服用的影响因素。方法:按照简单随机抽样法,采用自制调查问卷对呼和浩特市3个镇共8个行政村成年常住农村村民进行问卷调查,调查内容包括人口学特征、饮食习惯等内容,并采用多因素logistic回归分析饮食习惯与高血压患病的关系以及高血压患者传统制剂服用的影响因素。结果:呼和浩特市高血压患病率为22.68%。多因素logistic回归结果显示,较高的BMI、高血压家族史、饮酒史、泡菜咸菜、油炸食品、红肉(猪/牛/羊肉)/动物内脏、海产品是高血压独立危险因素(OR=1.257、1.451、1.358、1.317、1.108、1.146、1.373,P<0.05),奶制品、豆制品、新鲜果蔬是高血压保护因素(OR=0.797、0.868、0.903,P<0.05)。高血压患者传统制剂服用率为16.90%。多因素logistic回归结果显示,年龄≥60岁、文化程度高中以下、不了解高血压知识是高血压患者传统制剂服用的危险因素(OR=1.342、1.545、1.142,P<0.05)。结论:呼和浩特市农村成年村民高血压患病率较高,不良饮食习惯(饮食偏咸、油腻等)是高血压独立危险因素,高龄、文化程度低、不了解高血压知识的高血压患者传统制剂服用率较高,应加强农村居民合理膳食、保持均衡饮食习惯的宣传教育以及农村高血压患者用药规范。     

心脏右向左分流对偏头痛患者临床症状的影响

目的:探讨心脏右向左分流(RLS)对偏头痛患者临床特征是否存在影响,并研究RLS分级与头痛强度之间的关系。方法:选择2016年6月-2018年12月青岛大学附属医院收治的偏头痛患者216例作为偏头痛组,选择于青岛大学附属医院体检的健康志愿者60例作为对照组。216例偏头痛患者根据有无RLS分为有RLS偏头痛组(127例)和无RLS偏头痛组(89例)。有RLS偏头痛患者根据RLS分级将其分为大分流组(n=51)、中分流组(n=11)和小分流组(n=65)。观察对照组与偏头痛组RLS情况,比较有RLS偏头痛组和无RLS偏头痛组患者的一般资料情况,比较大分流组、中分流组和小分流组患者的一般资料情况,采用多因素Logistic回归分析偏头痛患者产生RLS的危险因素。结果:对照组与偏头痛组小分流、中分流患病率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),而偏头痛组大分流患病率高于对照组(P0.05)。有RLS偏头痛组患者的视觉先兆、感觉先兆的比例均大于无RLS偏头痛组,头痛初始年龄均小于无RLS偏头痛组,头痛强度均高于无RLS偏头痛组(P0.05),两组患者年龄、性别、吸烟、饮酒、高血压、糖尿病、高血脂、运动先兆、遗传、头痛频率、头痛持续时间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。不同RLS分级的偏头痛患者的视觉先兆、感觉先兆、头痛初始年龄、头痛强度整体比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,视觉先兆、感觉先兆、头痛初始年龄是偏头痛患者产生RLS的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论:偏头痛发病年龄较小或有视觉先兆、感觉先兆可能提示偏头痛患者伴有RLS,RLS分级与头痛强度没有关系。     

Etk敲除及过表达细胞株构建并探讨Etk对细胞增殖的影响

目的:利用CRISPR-Cas9技术在人脐静脉内皮细胞(Human umbilical vein endothelial cells,HUVECs)中构建Etk(Epithelial and endothelial tyrosine kinase)敲除稳定细胞株以及利用慢病毒构建Etk过表达稳定细胞株,并初步探讨Etk基因对HUVECs细胞增殖的影响。方法:利用CRISPR-Cas9技术,使用在线工具设计针对Etk的sgRNA (https://chopchop.rc.fas.harvard.edu/)。将sgRNA利用连接酶整合到病毒载体中,包被病毒并感染HUVECs敲除HUVECs中的内源性Etk。利用嘌呤霉素筛选得到Etk敲除的稳定细胞株。PCR扩增Etk基因序列,将其整合到pLEX-MCS慢病毒过表达载体中构建Etk过表达重组质粒。包被病毒并感染HUVECs,在HUVECs中过表达Etk,利用嘌呤霉素筛选得到Etk过表达的稳定细胞株。利用qRT-PCR和Western-Blotting检测Etk的敲除和过表达情况。利用CCK-8盒子检测两种稳定细胞株细胞增殖情况。结果:利用CRISPR-Cas9技术有效的敲除HUVECs中内源性Etk,同对照相比,Etk的mRNA和蛋白水平显著地降低(P0.01)。同时利用慢病毒在HUVECs中过表达Etk,同对照相比,在过表达Etk稳定细胞株中Etk的mRNA和蛋白表达显著上调(P0.01)。CCK-8检测发现,Etk敲除降低细胞增殖能力;而Etk过表达增加细胞增殖能力。结论:通过CRISPR-Cas9技术成功在HUVECs中敲除Etk,利用慢病毒过表达系统成功的在HUVECs中过表达Etk,并且初步验证了Etk促进HUVECs细胞增殖。