Clonal abortion of bone marrow T cell precursors: T cells acquire specific antigen reactivity prethymically

Lethally irradiated (900 R) mice were reconstituted with bone marrow cells from syngeneic donors that had been tolerized 2 to 3 wk earlier to either DNP or TNP compounds. Five weeks after reconstitution, these animals were tested for their ability to mount a delayed hypersensitivity (DH) response to the tolerizing haptens. Recipient mice were specifically tolerant to the hapten that was used to induce tolerance in the marrow donor. Mixing experiments in which mice were reconstituted with marrow from DNP-tolerant and TNP-tolerant donors showed no indication of active suppression or effective antigen carry-over in this system. This observation held true even in experiments in which mice were reconstituted with a mixture of marrow from tolerant and normal donors at a ratio of 5:1. Thus the reduced responsiveness in recipient mice seemed to be due to the functional elimination of hapten-responsive T cell precursor (pre-T) clones. Recipient unresponsiveness was also shown to be MHC restricted. Maintenance of unresponsiveness appeared to be due to the restricted access of regenerating pre-T cell clones to the maturational influence of the recipient's thymus.     

Advances in medical genetics.

Although advances in medical genetics are designed ultimately to help human beings receive better health care, they pose many problems for society. Some of these concerns are real, but others result from misunderstanding and/or misrepresentation of the true implication of certain developments in genetics. It is obvious that the geneticist must play a dual role in society as scientist and as advocate. Although such a duality or role is not easy, it is not impossible. However, it does mean that the training of the medical geneticist must include more than exposure to the scientific approach.     

Workshop on algal polysaccharides

Summary This workshop was an impromptu event, but the fact that a number of interesting problems were identified by the participants from the floor may indicate that it is worth repeating. If it is to be repeated, however, it is important that notice be given, and that the scope of the workshop be defined in advance, so that participants can be better informed and bring supporting data. The best approach would be to identify a convenor and define the scope of the workshop prior to the first circular for the next Seaweed Symposium; invitations could then be issued by the convenor for specific topics and data, and a very brief program could be issued with the third circular. Such a procedure may very well allow the identification of new areas for research.     

Intrinsic potential for high fetal hemoglobin production in a Druze family with β-thalassemia is due to an unlinked genetic determinant

Summary The mechanism for elevated production of fetal hemoglobin (Hb F) in a Druze patient with °-thalassemia intermedia was investigated. Heterozygous family members exhibited normal Hb F levels, suggesting that the increase in -gene expression in the propositus may be partly due to anemic stress. Erythroid progenitors of these family members cultured in vitro [burst forming units (erythroid); (BFUe)] showed elevated synthesis of Hb F, indicating the existence of a genetically determined intrinsic capacity for high Hb F production in this family. The propositus was found to be homozygous for a IVS2-position 1 mutation, on the background of Mediterranean haplotype I, which is not known to be linked to high Hb F production. Moreover, extensive molecular studies of the -globin gene cluster, including sequence analysis of the promoter regions of the -globin genes, did not reveal any cisacting mechanism that could account for the high Hb F production in the propositus. A young niece of the propositus with °-thalassemia major was recently discovered, who was homozygous for the same -globin allele and haplotype as the propositus. However, unlike her uncle, she does not have a high Hb F level and presents with a severe clinical course. Her inability to produce high Hb F suggests that the genetic determinant for increased -gene expression in the propositus is unlinked to the -globin gene cluster.     

Autoimmune CD4+ T cells interfere with immune tolerance to a thymic-independent antigen

The ability of autoimmune T cell subsets to interfere with tolerization of B cells can be studied by using thymic-independent Ag. We have defined an abnormality within the CD4+ T cell compartment in young NZB and MRL-lpr/lpr mice by studying tolerance of spleen and B cells to the thymic independent Ag, fluorescein-Brucella abortus. Tolerization of spleen cells is defective in MRL-lpr/lpr mice, but not MRL-+/+ or C3H.lpr mice, suggesting that the defect requires both the autosomal MRL background and the lpr gene to be present. T enriched cells from NZB mice and from MRL-lpr/lpr mice (but not MRL-+/+ or C3H.lpr mice) reverse tolerance in spleen cells from [NZB X DBA/2]F1 and C3H/HeJ mice, respectively. This interference is removed by treatment with anti-CD4 antibody and C. Supernatants from cultured T cells of NZB and MRL-lpr/lpr mice also prevent tolerance in spleen cells of [NZB X DBA/2]F1 and MRL-+/+ mice, respectively, unless CD4+ cells are removed prior to T cell culture. Removal of T cells from NZB and MRL-lpr/lpr spleen cells allows normal tolerization of B cells, which is abrogated by the addition of syngeneic T cells or cultured T cell supernatants. This effect also depends on the presence of CD4+ T cells. These studies show that in MRL-lpr/lpr mice, through interaction of the lpr and MRL background genes in a T cell subset, and in NZB mice, CD4+ T cells interfere with B cell tolerance to a thymic-independent Ag.     

Optimal alignments in linear space

Space, not time, is often the limiting factor when computingoptimal sequence alignments, and a number of recent papers inthe biology literature have proposed space-saving strategies.However, a 1975 computer science paper by Hirschberg presenteda method that is superior to the new proposals, both in theoryand in practice. The goal of this paper is to give Hirschberg'sidea the visibility it deserves by developing a linear-spaceversion of Gotoh's algorithm, which accommodates affine gappenalties. A portable C-software package implementing this algorithmis available on the BIONET free of charge. Received on October 14, 1987; accepted on December 19, 1987