排序方式: 共有327条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
51.
Rainbow DB Moule C Fraser HI Clark J Howlett SK Burren O Christensen M Moody V Steward CA Mohammed JP Fusakio ME Masteller EL Finger EB Houchins JP Naf D Koentgen F Ridgway WM Todd JA Bluestone JA Peterson LB Mattner J Wicker LS 《Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)》2011,187(1):325-336
We have previously proposed that sequence variation of the CD101 gene between NOD and C57BL/6 mice accounts for the protection from type 1 diabetes (T1D) provided by the insulin-dependent diabetes susceptibility region 10 (Idd10), a <1 Mb region on mouse chromosome 3. In this study, we provide further support for the hypothesis that Cd101 is Idd10 using haplotype and expression analyses of novel Idd10 congenic strains coupled to the development of a CD101 knockout mouse. Susceptibility to T1D was correlated with genotype-dependent CD101 expression on multiple cell subsets, including Foxp3(+) regulatory CD4(+) T cells, CD11c(+) dendritic cells, and Gr1(+) myeloid cells. The correlation of CD101 expression on immune cells from four independent Idd10 haplotypes with the development of T1D supports the identity of Cd101 as Idd10. Because CD101 has been associated with regulatory T and Ag presentation cell functions, our results provide a further link between immune regulation and susceptibility to T1D. 相似文献
52.
Stine Klejs Rahbek Jean Farup Andreas Buch Møller Mikkel Holm Vendelbo Lars Holm Niels Jessen Kristian Vissing 《Amino acids》2014,46(10):2377-2392
Greater force produced with eccentric (ECC) compared to concentric (CONC) contractions, may comprise a stronger driver of muscle growth, which may be further augmented by protein supplementation. We investigated the effect of differentiated contraction mode with either whey protein hydrolysate and carbohydrate (WPH + CHO) or isocaloric carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation on regulation of anabolic signalling, muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and muscle hypertrophy. Twenty-four human participants performed unilateral isolated maximal ECC versus CONC contractions during exercise habituation, single-bout exercise and 12 weeks of training combined with WPH + CHO or CHO supplements. In the exercise-habituated state, p-mTOR, p-p70S6K, p-rpS6 increased by approximately 42, 206 and 213 %, respectively, at 1 h post-exercise, with resistance exercise per se; whereas, the phosphorylation was exclusively maintained with ECC at 3 and 5 h post-exercise. This acute anabolic signalling response did not differ between the isocaloric supplement types, neither did protein fractional synthesis rate differ between interventions. Twelve weeks of ECC as well as CONC resistance training augmented hypertrophy with WPH + CHO group compared to the CHO group (7.3 ± 1.0 versus 3.4 ± 0.8 %), independently of exercise contraction type. Training did not produce major changes in basal levels of Akt-mTOR pathway components. In conclusion, maximal ECC contraction mode may constitute a superior driver of acute anabolic signalling that may not be mirrored in the muscle protein synthesis rate. Furthermore, with prolonged high-volume resistance training, contraction mode seems less influential on the magnitude of muscle hypertrophy, whereas protein and carbohydrate supplementation augments muscle hypertrophy as compared to isocaloric carbohydrate supplementation . 相似文献
53.
Torbern Tagesson Meelis Mölder Mikhail Mastepanov Charlotte Sigsgaard Mikkel P. Tamstorf Magnus Lund Julie M. Falk Anders Lindroth Torben R. Christensen Lena Ström 《Global Change Biology》2012,18(6):1928-1940
The land‐atmosphere exchange of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in a high‐Arctic wet tundra ecosystem (Rylekærene) in Zackenberg, north‐eastern Greenland, was studied over the full growing season and until early winter in 2008 and from before snow melt until early winter in 2009. The eddy covariance technique was used to estimate CO2 fluxes and a combination of the gradient and eddy covariance methods was used to estimate CH4 fluxes. Small CH4 bursts were observed during spring thawing 2009, but these existed during short periods and would not have any significant effect on the annual budget. Growing season CH4 fluxes were well correlated with soil temperature, gross primary production, and active layer thickness. The CH4 fluxes remained low during the entire autumn, and until early winter. No increase in CH4 fluxes were seen as the soil started to freeze. However, in autumn 2008 there were two CH4 burst events that were highly correlated with atmospheric turbulence. They were likely associated with the release of stored CH4 from soil and vegetation cavities. Over the measurement period, 7.6 and 6.5 g C m?2 was emitted as CH4 in 2008 and in 2009, respectively. Rylekærene acted as a C source during the warmer and wetter measurement period 2008, whereas it was a C sink for the colder and drier period of 2009. Wet tundra ecosystems, such as Rylekærene may thus play a more significant role for the climate in the future, as temperature and precipitation are predicted to increase in the high‐Arctic. 相似文献
54.
Stefanie Wagner Frédéric Lagane Andaine Seguin‐Orlando Mikkel Schubert Thibault Leroy Erwan Guichoux Emilie Chancerel Inger Bech‐Hebelstrup Vincent Bernard Cyrille Billard Yves Billaud Matthias Bolliger Christophe Croutsch Katarina Čufar Frédérique Eynaud Karl Uwe Heussner Joachim Köninger Fabien Langenegger Frédéric Leroy Christine Lima Nicoletta Martinelli Garry Momber André Billamboz Oliver Nelle Antoni Palomo Raquel Piqué Marianne Ramstein Roswitha Schweichel Harald Stäuble Willy Tegel Xavier Terradas Florence Verdin Christophe Plomion Antoine Kremer Ludovic Orlando 《Molecular ecology》2018,27(5):1138-1154
Reconstructing the colonization and demographic dynamics that gave rise to extant forests is essential to forecasts of forest responses to environmental changes. Classical approaches to map how population of trees changed through space and time largely rely on pollen distribution patterns, with only a limited number of studies exploiting DNA molecules preserved in wooden tree archaeological and subfossil remains. Here, we advance such analyses by applying high‐throughput (HTS) DNA sequencing to wood archaeological and subfossil material for the first time, using a comprehensive sample of 167 European white oak waterlogged remains spanning a large temporal (from 550 to 9,800 years) and geographical range across Europe. The successful characterization of the endogenous DNA and exogenous microbial DNA of 140 (~83%) samples helped the identification of environmental conditions favouring long‐term DNA preservation in wood remains, and started to unveil the first trends in the DNA decay process in wood material. Additionally, the maternally inherited chloroplast haplotypes of 21 samples from three periods of forest human‐induced use (Neolithic, Bronze Age and Middle Ages) were found to be consistent with those of modern populations growing in the same geographic areas. Our work paves the way for further studies aiming at using ancient DNA preserved in wood to reconstruct the micro‐evolutionary response of trees to climate change and human forest management. 相似文献
55.
Schubert M Ginolhac A Lindgreen S Thompson JF Al-Rasheid KA Willerslev E Krogh A Orlando L 《BMC genomics》2012,13(1):178
ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Next-Generation Sequencing has revolutionized our approach to ancient DNA (aDNA) research, by providing complete genomic sequences of ancient individuals and extinct species. However, the recovery of genetic material from long-dead organisms is still complicated by a number of issues, including post-mortem DNA damage and high levels of environmental contamination. Together with error profiles specific to the type of sequencing platforms used, these specificities could limit our ability to map sequencing reads against modern reference genomes and therefore limit our ability to identify endogenous ancient reads, reducing the efficiency of shotgun sequencing aDNA. RESULTS: In this study, we compare different computational methods for improving the accuracy and sensitivity of aDNA sequence identification, based on shotgun sequencing reads recovered from Pleistocene horse extracts using Illumina GAIIx and Helicos Heliscope platforms. We show that the performance of the Burrows Wheeler Aligner (BWA), that has been developed for mapping of undamaged sequencing reads using platforms with low rates of indel-types of sequencing errors, can be employed at acceptable run-times by modifying default parameters in a platform-specific manner. We also examine if trimming likely damaged positions at read ends can increase the recovery of genuine aDNA fragments and if accurate identification of human contamination can be achieved using a strategy previously suggested based on best hit filtering. We show that combining our different mapping and filtering approaches can increase the number of high-quality endogenous hits recovered by up to 33%. CONCLUSIONS: We have shown that Illumina and Helicos sequences recovered from aDNA extracts could not be aligned to modern reference genomes with the same efficiency unless mapping parameters are optimized for the specific types of errors generated by these platforms and by post-mortem DNA damage. Our findings have important implications for future aDNA research, as we define mapping guidelines that improve our ability to identify genuine aDNA sequences, which in turn could improve the genotyping accuracy of ancient specimens. Our framework provides a significant improvement to the standard procedures used for characterizing ancient genomes, which is challenged by contamination and often low amounts of DNA material. 相似文献
56.
Joan Thiesen Torben S. Christensen Thomas G. Kristensen Rikke D. Andersen Brit Brunoe Trine K. Gregersen Mikkel Thrane Bo P. Weidema 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2008,13(2):104-114
Goal, Scope and Background Traditionally, comparative life cycle assessments (LCA) have not considered rebound effects, for instance in case of significant
price differences among the compared products. No justifications have been made for this delimitation in scope. This article
shows that price differences and the consequent effects of marginal consumer expenditure may influence the conclusions of
comparative LCA significantly. We also show that considerations about rebound effects of price differences can be included
in LCAs.
Methods The direct rebound effect of a price difference is marginal consumption. Based on statistical data on private consumption
in different income groups (Statistics Denmark 2005a, 2005b), the present article provides an estimate of how an average Danish
household will spend an additional 1 DKK for further consumer goods, when the household has gained money from choosing a cheaper
product alternative. The approach is to use marginal income changes and the following changes in consumption patterns as an
expression for marginal consumption. Secondly, the environmental impact potentials related to this marginal consumption are
estimated by the use of environmental impact intensity data from an IO-LCA database (Weidema et al. 2005). Finally, it is
discussed whether, and in which ways the conclusions of comparative LCAs can be affected by including the price difference
between product alternatives. This is elucidated in a case study of a comparative LCA screening of two different kinds of
Danish cheese products (Fricke et al. 2004).
Results Car purchase and driving, use and maintenance of dwelling, clothing purchase and insurance constitutes the largest percentages
of the marginal consumption. In a case study of two cheeses, the including the impact potentials related to the price difference
results in significant changes in the total impact potentials. Considering the relatively small price difference of the two
products, it is likely also to have a significant influence on the results of comparative LCAs more generally.
Discussion The influence of marginal consumption in comparative LCAs is relevant to consider in situations with large differences in
the price of the product alternatives being compared, and in situations with minor differences in the impact potentials related
to the alternatives. However, different uncertainties are linked to determining the pattern for marginal consumption and the
environmental impact potential related to this. These are first of all related to the method used, but also include inaccurate
data of consumption in households, aggregation and weighting of income groups, aggregation of product groups, estimation and
size of the price difference, and the general applicability of the results.
Conclusion Incorporating marginal consumption in consequential LCAs is possible in practice. In the case study used, including the rebound
effects of the price difference has a significant influence on the result of the comparative LCA, as the result for the impact
categories acidification and nutrient enrichment changes in favour of the expensive product.
Recommendations and Perspectives It is recommended that the rebound effects of price differences should be included more frequently in LCAs. In order to ensure
this, further research in marginal consumption and investment patterns and IO data for different countries or regions is required.
Furthermore, this study does not consider the economic distributional consequences of buying an expensive product instead
of a cheaper product (e.g. related to how the profit is spent by those who provided the product). It should also be noted,
that more expensive products not necessarily result in less consumption, as those who provided the product also will spend
the money they have earned from the sale. Ideally, these consequences should also be further investigated. Likewise, the development
of databases to include marginal consumption in PC-tools is needed. In general, considerations of marginal consumption would
favour expensive product alternatives, depending, however, on the type of consumer.
ESS-Submission Editor: Dr. David Hunkeler (david.hunkeler@aquaplustech.ch) 相似文献
57.
Peter Hammershøj Mikkel Jessing Anders Ø. Madsen Knud J. Jensen Jørn B. Christensen Ulrik Boas 《International journal of peptide research and therapeutics》2007,13(1-2):209-212
The development of new linkers (handles) for solid-phase synthesis provides new chemical opportunities for peptide synthesis.
To understand the chemical properties of a recently developed backbone amide linker from a structural perspective, the crystal
structure of S-((5-formyl-3,4-ethylenedioxy)thiophene-2-yl)-3-thiopropionic acid (T-BAL2) was studied. Specifically, we wished
to address whether this highly substituted thiophene retained planarity in the aromatic ring as well as between the aromatic
ring and the aldehyde carbonyl. Furthermore, we sought an explanation for the relatively low reactivity in reductive aminations
of the thienylaldehyde with amines in solution and on solid phase. Based on the crystal structure of T-BAL2, the thienyl-C
(aldehyde) and C–O (aldehyde) bond lengths were applied as measures for the electron-deficiency (electrophilicity) of the
aldehyde and compared to similar bond lengths found in previously reported formylated homo- and hetero-aromatic systems, which
show significantly higher reactivity towards imine formation. The bond lengths found in the present structure are in accordance
with normal C–C single bond and C–O double bond lengths. The high similarity in aldehyde bond lengths in the present system
and in the reported systems indicates similar electron distribution in these systems. The lower reactivity of the present
system may therefore not be attributed to electronic factors. 相似文献
58.
Background
With current technology, vast amounts of data can be cheaply and efficiently produced in association studies, and to prevent data analysis to become the bottleneck of studies, fast and efficient analysis methods that scale to such data set sizes must be developed. 相似文献59.
The cereal pathogen Fusarium pseudograminearum produces a new class of active cytokinins during infection
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Jens Laurids Sørensen Aurelie H. Benfield Rasmus Dam Wollenberg Klaus Westphal Reinhard Wimmer Mikkel Rank Nielsen Kristian Fog Nielsen Jason Carere Lorenzo Covarelli Giovanni Beccari Jonathan Powell Takafumi Yamashino Herbert Kogler Teis Esben Sondergaard Donald Max Gardiner 《Molecular Plant Pathology》2018,19(5):1140-1154
60.
Diurnal variation in methane emission in relation to the water table,soil temperature,climate and vegetation cover in a Swedish acid mire 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Diurnal variation in the rate of methane emission and its relation to water table depth and macro climate was studied in several plant communities within an acid,Sphagnum dominated, mixed mire in Northern Sweden. Provided that diurnal variation in solar radiation and air temperature occurred, methane fluxes differed during day and night. Diurnal patterns in methane emission rates were found to differ among mire plant communities. In relatively dry plant communities (ridges, minerotrophic lawn), the average nighttime emission rates were 2–3 times higher than the daytime rates during the two periods with high diurnal variation in solar radiation and air temperature. Methane emission was significantly (p < 0.05) related to solar radiation and soil temperature at depths of 5 and 10 cm at all sampling points in the dry plant communities. In the wetter plant communities, no significant difference between daytime and nighttime average methane emission rates were found even though methane emissions were significantly related with radiation and soil temperature at approximately 70% of the sampling points. The increased emission rate for methane at night in the comparatively dry plant communities was probably caused by an inhibition of methane oxidation, owing to the lower nighttime temperatures or to a delay in the supply of root-exuded substrate for the anaerobic bacteria, or by both. The pattern observed in the wet plant communities indicated that methane production were positively related either to soil temperature or light-regulated root exudation. 相似文献