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Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that continuously change their shape through frequent fusion, fission and movement throughout the cell, and these dynamics are crucial for the life and death of the cells as they have been linked to apoptosis, maintenance of cellular homeostasis, and ultimately to neurologic disorders and metabolic diseases. Over the past decade, a growing number of novel proteins that regulate mitochondrial dynamics have been discovered. Large GTPase family proteins and their regulators control these aspects of mitochondrial dynamics. In this review, we briefly summarize the current knowledge about molecular machineries regulating mitochondrial fusion/fission and the role of mitochondrial dynamics in cell pathophysiology. 相似文献
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Shinozawa T Mizutani E Tomioka I Kawahara M Sasada H Matsumoto H Sato E 《Molecular reproduction and development》2004,68(3):313-318
In the present study, we examined the developmental ability of enucleated zygotes, MII oocytes, and parthenogenetically activated oocytes at pronuclear stages (parthenogenetic PNs) as recipient cytoplasm for rat embryonic cell nuclear transfer. Enucleated zygotes as recipient cytoplasm receiving two-cell nuclei allowed development to blastocysts, whereas the development of embryos reconstituted with MII oocytes and parthenogenetic PNs was arrested at the two-cell stage. Previous observations in rat two-cell embryos suggested that the distribution of microtubules is involved in two-cell arrest. Therefore, we also examined the distribution of microtubules using immunofluorescence. At the two-cell stage after nuclear transfer into enucleated zygotes, microtubules were distributed homogeneously in the cytoplasm during interphase, and normal mitotic spindles were observed in cleaving embryos from the two- to four-cell stage. In contrast, embryos reconstituted with MII oocytes and parthenogenetic PNs showed aberrant microtubule organization. In enucleated zygotes, fibrous microtubules were distributed homogeneously in the cytoplasm. In contrast, dense microtubules were localized at the subcortical area in the cytoplasm and strong immunofluorescence intensity was observed at the plasma membrane, while very weak intensity was detected in the central part of enucleated MII oocytes. In enucleated parthenogenetic PNs, high-density and fibrous microtubules were distributed in the subcortical and central areas, respectively. Pre-enucleated parthenogenetic PNs also showed lower intensity of microtubule immunofluorescence in the central cytoplasm than zygotes. In conclusion, the results of the present study showed that zygote cytoplasm is better as recipient than MII oocyte and parthenogenetic PNs for rat two-cell embryonic cell nuclear transfer to develop beyond four-cell stage. Furthermore, microtubule organization is involved in the development of reconstituted embryos to overcome the two-cell arrest. 相似文献
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Production of Reactive Oxygen Species and Release of l-Glutamate During Superoxide Anion-Induced Cell Death of Cerebellar Granule Neurons 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Takumi Satoh Tadahiro Numakawa Yasuhiro Abiru Tomoko Yamagata Yasuyuki Ishikawa Yasushi Enokido Hiroshi Hatanaka 《Journal of neurochemistry》1998,70(1):316-324
Abstract: Enhanced production of superoxide anion (O2 − ) is considered to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of CNS neurons. Here, we report that O2 − generated by xanthine (XA) + xanthine oxidase (XO) triggered cell death associated with nuclear condensation and DNA fragmentation in cerebellar granule neuron. XA + XO induced significant increases in amounts of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) before initiating loss of cell viability, as determined by measurement of 6-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, di(acetoxymethyl ester) (C-DCDHF-DA) for O2 − and other ROS and hydroethidine (HEt) specifically for O2 − by using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Catalase, but not superoxide dismutase (SOD), significantly protected granule neurons from the XA + XO-induced cell death. Catalase effectively reduced C-DCDHF-DA but not HEt fluorescence, whereas SOD reduced HEt but not C-DCDHF-DA fluorescence, indicating that HEt and C-DCDHF-DA fluorescence correlated with O2 − and hydrogen peroxide, respectively. The NMDA antagonist MK-801 prevented the death. XA + XO induced an increase in l -glutamate release from cerebellar granule neurons. These results indicate that elevation of O2 − induces cell death associated with increasing ROS production in cerebellar granule neurons and that XA + XO enhanced release of l -glutamate. 相似文献
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Osafune Tetsuaki; Mihara Sayoko; Hase Eiji; Ohkuro Isamu 《Plant & cell physiology》1972,13(6):981-989
At an intermediate stage in the growth phase of the cell cycleof Chlamydomonas reinhardi, mitochondria and the chloroplastassociated with each other in a characteristic manner. Aftertemporary association with the chloroplast, mitochondria seemto fuse into giant forms as reported previously.
1 This work was reported in part at the 27th Annual Meetingof the Japanese Society of Electron Microscopy, May 1971. (Received June 7, 1972; ) 相似文献
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