全文获取类型
收费全文 | 8341篇 |
免费 | 647篇 |
国内免费 | 2篇 |
专业分类
8990篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 60篇 |
2022年 | 91篇 |
2021年 | 196篇 |
2020年 | 157篇 |
2019年 | 172篇 |
2018年 | 215篇 |
2017年 | 212篇 |
2016年 | 313篇 |
2015年 | 481篇 |
2014年 | 475篇 |
2013年 | 627篇 |
2012年 | 752篇 |
2011年 | 618篇 |
2010年 | 444篇 |
2009年 | 394篇 |
2008年 | 483篇 |
2007年 | 513篇 |
2006年 | 446篇 |
2005年 | 398篇 |
2004年 | 377篇 |
2003年 | 331篇 |
2002年 | 335篇 |
2001年 | 91篇 |
2000年 | 67篇 |
1999年 | 71篇 |
1998年 | 79篇 |
1997年 | 65篇 |
1996年 | 51篇 |
1995年 | 59篇 |
1994年 | 51篇 |
1993年 | 43篇 |
1992年 | 38篇 |
1991年 | 41篇 |
1990年 | 20篇 |
1989年 | 26篇 |
1988年 | 31篇 |
1987年 | 14篇 |
1986年 | 19篇 |
1985年 | 12篇 |
1984年 | 14篇 |
1983年 | 16篇 |
1982年 | 16篇 |
1981年 | 15篇 |
1980年 | 6篇 |
1979年 | 8篇 |
1978年 | 10篇 |
1977年 | 3篇 |
1975年 | 4篇 |
1974年 | 8篇 |
1962年 | 3篇 |
排序方式: 共有8990条查询结果,搜索用时 9 毫秒
101.
102.
For a long time, Cercosaura ocellata was considered polytypic, with three subspecies: C. ocellata ocellata, C. ocellata petersi and C. ocellata bassleri. Recently, C. ocellata bassleri was elevated to full species, based on analysis of a few molecular samples from Peru. This species complex is widely distributed in South America, occurring in Amazonia, Cerrado, Atlantic forest and Pampa biomes. The monophyly and species diversity of C. ocellata are still unstudied. Here, we infer phylogenetic relationships and species diversity of this group analysing 2326 base pairs of three mitochondrial (12S, 16S, and ND4) and one nuclear (c-mos) genes. Our taxon sampling of 115 specimens includes 72 samples of C. ocellata and sequences of other Cercosaura species and closely related Cercosaurinae. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis recovered the monophyly of Cercosaura and that of C. ocellata with strong support. Our analyses suggest that C. ocellata is a complex of cryptic species, which possibly started diversifying in Amazonia. 相似文献
103.
Herminia González‐Navarro Ángela Vinué María Jesús Sanz Mercedes Delgado Miguel Angel Pozo Manuel Serrano Deborah J. Burks Vicente Andrés 《Aging cell》2013,12(1):102-111
Recent genome‐wide association studies have linked type‐2 diabetes mellitus to a genomic region in chromosome 9p21 near the Ink4/Arf locus, which encodes tumor suppressors that are up‐regulated in a variety of mammalian organs during aging. However, it is unclear whether the susceptibility to type‐2 diabetes is associated with altered expression of the Ink4/Arf locus. In the present study, we investigated the role of Ink4/Arf in age‐dependent alterations of insulin and glucose homeostasis using Super‐Ink4/Arf mice which bear an extra copy of the entire Ink4/Arf locus. We find that, in contrast to age‐matched wild‐type controls, Super‐Ink4/Arf mice do not develop glucose intolerance with aging. Insulin tolerance tests demonstrated increased insulin sensitivity in Super‐Ink4/Arf compared with wild‐type mice, which was accompanied by higher activation of the insulin receptor substrate (IRS)‐PI3K‐AKT pathway in liver, skeletal muscle and heart. Glucose uptake studies in Super‐Ink4/Arf mice showed a tendency toward increased 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in skeletal muscle compared with wild‐type mice (P = 0.079). Furthermore, a positive correlation between glucose uptake and baseline glucose levels was observed in Super‐Ink4/Arf mice (P < 0.008) but not in wild‐type mice. Our studies reveal a protective role of the Ink4/Arf locus against the development of age‐dependent insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. 相似文献
104.
Harpapion safranum
sp. n. and Harpapion borisi
sp. n. are described and figured. Harpapion vietnamense (Korotyaev, 1987) is recorded as new for China. The genitalia andterminalia of H. considerandum, H. coelebs andH. vietnamense are redescribed and redrawn. The diagnostic characters of Harpapion are defined. A key to the known species of the genus Harpapion from China is provided. Affinities with the genus Flavopodapion Korotyaev, 1987 are discussed. 相似文献
105.
106.
In this study we used recent (2010) and herbarium material (1980) of six bryophyte species to assess long‐term atmospheric deposition in natural forested areas in northern Spain. For this purpose, tissue nitrogen and carbon content, as well as δ13C and δ15N signatures of samples of Hypnum cupressiforme, Polytrichastrum formosum, Leucobryum juniperoideum, Rhytidiadelphus loreus, Homalothecium lutescens and Diplophyllum albicans were analysed and comparisons made between years and species. In addition, the usefulness of each of the six species was evaluated. The range of values observed was similar to that in other studies carried out in rural areas. Significantly lower values were found in 2010 for N (H. cupressiforme), δ15N (R. loreus and D. albicans), C (R. loreus) and δ13C (all except L. juniperoideum). Our natural areas are thus now less influenced by atmospheric pollutants than they were, most probably due to changes in some traditional local activities. Differences were observed between species for all the four parameters studied, so different species must not be analysed together. Finally, R. loreus and H. lutescens seem to be good bioindicators, sensitive even with a few samples, although further studies are needed to corroborate their usefulness. 相似文献
107.
Lucia Fernandez-Arrojo Barbara Rodriguez-Colinas Patricia Gutierrez-Alonso Maria Fernandez-Lobato Miguel Alcalde Antonio O. Ballesteros Francisco J. Plou 《Process Biochemistry》2013,48(4):677-682
A modification of the classical calcium alginate enzyme entrapment technique is described aiming to overcome some of the limitations of the former gel-based biocatalysts. Dried alginate entrapped enzymes (DALGEEs) were obtained dehydrating calcium alginate gel beads containing entrapped enzymes. A fructosyltransferase from Aspergillus aculeatus, present in Pectinex Ultra SP-L, was entrapped using this technique. The resulting DALGEEs were successfully tested both operating batchwise and in a continuous fixed-bed reactor for fructooligosaccharides (FOS) synthesis from sucrose. Interestingly, DALGEEs did not re-swell upon incubation in concentrated (600 g/L) sucrose solutions, probably due to the lowered water activity (aw) of such media. Confocal laser scanning microscopy of DALGEEs revealed that the enzyme molecules accumulated preferably in the shell of the particles. DALGEEs showed an approximately 30-fold higher volumetric activity (300 U/mL) compared with the calcium alginate gel beads. Moreover, a significant enhancement (40-fold) of the space-time-yield of fixed-bed bioreactors was observed when using DALGEEs as biocatalyst compared with gel beads (4030 g/day L of FOS vs. 103 g/day L). The operational stability of fixed-bed reactors packed with DALGEEs was extraordinary, providing a nearly constant FOS composition of the outlet during at least 700 h. It was also noticeable their resistance against microbial attack, even after long periods of storage at room temperature. The DALGEEs immobilisation strategy may also be useful for other biotransformations, in particular when they take place in low aw media. 相似文献
108.
Yannery Gómez-Bonilla Miguel López-Ferber Primitivo Caballero Rosa Murillo Delia Muñoz 《BioControl》2013,58(2):215-224
The control efficiency of a Phthorimaea operculella granulovirus isolate from Costa Rica (PhopGV-CR1) against the concurrent insect pests P. operculella (Zeller) and Tecia solanivora (Povolny) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) was evaluated. In warehouses, the best control efficiency was achieved with a powder formulate applied inside bags, which reduced injury over 70 % compared with the untreated controls. In the field, liquid and powder virus formulations significantly reduced injury between 56.2 and 81.7 % compared with the untreated controls, and were as efficient as chemical treatments. The efficiency of formulations stored at ?20 °C for six months (liquid) or at ambient temperature for three months (powder) was maintained, but higher temperatures and/or longer exposure times resulted in loss of pathogenicity. The data presented here favor the inclusion of granulovirus formulations of PhopGV-CR1 in Integrated Pest Management programs against tuberworms in Costa Rica and give clues on storage conditions for the growers in this country. 相似文献
109.
Ana I. García-Cervigón Antonio Gazol Virginia Sanz J. Julio Camarero José Miguel Olano 《Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics》2013,15(4):226-236
Plant–plant interactions change depending on environmental conditions, shifting from competition to facilitation when the stress is high. In addition to these changes, the relevance of intraspecific compared to interspecific interactions may also shift as abiotic stress does. We inferred intra- and interspecific plant–plant interactions of the cushion plant Hormathophylla spinosa as related to the dominant shrub Juniperus sabina in two sites with contrasting abiotic conditions (a slope with high-stress conditions vs. a valley bottom with milder conditions) in a Mediterranean high mountain. Specifically, we studied the spatial patterns and several variables related to plant performance (plant size and form, non-structural carbohydrate – NSC – concentrations and radial growth) of H. spinosa.The spatial pattern varied depending on site conditions. H. spinosa plants were positively associated with juniper in the high-stress slope site, probably through higher establishment rates due to the amelioration of soil conditions. In contrast, in the milder valley site H. spinosa establishment occurred mostly in open areas. Age structure, inferred from annual rings, reflected a massive establishment event in the whole study area which occurred 30–50 years ago. Canopy variables and radial growth were density dependent: both were negatively affected by the high density of H. spinosa individuals in the valley, but favoured by junipers on the slope. Interestingly, NSCs showed the opposite pattern, suggesting lower investment in growth by H. spinosa plants in the valley than on the slope.Our results reinforce the strong links existing between intra- and interspecific relationships and the need to include both when studying the influence of abiotic conditions on plant–plant interactions. This approach enabled us to detect that the direction and intensity of plant–plant interactions may shift at different ecological levels. Particularly interesting was the finding that optimal sites at the population level may not necessarily be the sites showing maximum individual performance. 相似文献
110.
Per E. Gustafsson Miguel San Sebastian Urban Janlert T?res Theorell Hugo Westerlund Anne Hammarstr?m 《PloS one》2013,8(11)