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991.
Engineered antifouling microtopographies - effect of feature size, geometry, and roughness on settlement of zoospores of the green alga Ulva 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Schumacher JF Carman ML Estes TG Feinberg AW Wilson LH Callow ME Callow JA Finlay JA Brennan AB 《Biofouling》2007,23(1-2):55-62
The effect of feature size, geometry, and roughness on the settlement of zoospores of the ship fouling alga Ulva was evaluated using engineered microtopographies in polydimethylsiloxane elastomer. The topographies studied were designed at a feature spacing of 2 microm and all significantly reduced spore settlement compared to a smooth surface. An indirect correlation between spore settlement and a newly described engineered roughness index (ERI) was identified. ERI is a dimensionless ratio based on Wenzel's roughness factor, depressed surface fraction, and the degree of freedom of spore movement. Uniform surfaces of either 2 mum diameter circular pillars (ERI=5.0) or 2 microm wide ridges (ERI=6.1) reduced settlement by 36% and 31%, respectively. A novel multi-feature topography consisting of 2 mum diameter circular pillars and 10 microm equilateral triangles (ERI=8.7) reduced spore settlement by 58%. The largest reduction in spore settlement, 77%, was obtained with the Sharklet AF topography (ERI=9.5). 相似文献
992.
Dowling AJ Waterfield NR Hares MC Le Goff G Streuli CH ffrench-Constant RH 《Cellular microbiology》2007,9(10):2470-2484
Photorhabdus are Gram-negative, nematode-vectored bacteria that produce toxins to kill their insect hosts. The expression of one of these, Makes caterpillars floppy 1 (Mcf1), is sufficient to allow Escherichia coli to survive within, and kill, caterpillars which are otherwise able to clear E. coli infection. Mcf1 treated caterpillars show rapid loss of body turgor (the 'floppy' phenotype) and death is associated with massive apoptosis of both the midgut epithelium and insect phagocytes. Mammalian tissue culture cells treated with Mcf1 also display key features of apoptosis including zeiosis, apoptotic nuclear morphology, DNA laddering, activation of the effector caspase-3 and PARP cleavage. As Mcf1 carries a single BH3-like domain, here we investigate the hypothesis that this toxin promotes apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway by mimicking a BH3 domain-only protein. Consistent with this hypothesis, a double mutant within the BH3-like domain causes a dramatic decline in apoptosis. Mcf1 also alters mitochondrial membrane potential and triggers the release of cytochrome c. Cells overexpressing Bcl-x(L), an anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member, are resistant to Mcf1-mediated apoptosis, as are cells deficient in Bax. In addition, translocation of Bax to the mitochondrion is observed in response to Mcf1 treatment. Together, these results show that Mcf1 mediates apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway, and are consistent with the hypothesis that the BH3-like domain in Mcf1 is a functional requirement for the pro-apoptotic activity of Mcf1. 相似文献
993.
The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of some non-ionic surfactants, Tween 80 and Brij 98, on the viscosity
and flow behavior of a commercial montmorillonite clay, Veegum Granules. The effect of different concentrations of the surfactants
on the shear stress-shear rate rheograms of hydrated concentrated clay suspensions was determined by shear viscometry. The
addition of either surfactant increased the plastic viscosity and the yield stress of the suspensions. Furthermore both surfactants
altered the thixotropy of the suspensions to an extent that depended on both the surfactant concentration and the time of
equilibration of the surfactant and Veegum. Brij 98 had a greater and more rapid effect. It is proposed that the surfactant
polar head-groups anchor at the tetrahedral sheet surface, leaving the alkyl chains extending away from the edges and faces.
Consequently, the alkyl chains undergo hydrophobic interactions that facilitate the association between the platelets and
increase the physical structure within the suspension. Stereochemical differences between the polar groups may lead to differences
in the way the surfactants associate with the tetrahedral sheet and hence their ultimate effect on the rheological behavior.
There is a significant interaction between these surfactants and montmorillonite clays, and the rheological changes that occur
could have a major impact on any pharmaceutical formulation that uses these ingredients.
Published: March 30, 2007 相似文献
994.
Leisher Craig Robinson Nathaniel Brown Matthew Kujirakwinja Deo Schmitz Mauricio Castro Wieland Michelle Wilkie David 《Biodiversity and Conservation》2022,31(4):1329-1343
Biodiversity and Conservation - Sub-Saharan Africa receives large investments in biodiversity conservation, and if these investments can be concentrated on the highest threats to biodiversity, the... 相似文献
995.
Sean M. Gibbons Tara Schwartz Jennifer Fouquier Michelle Mitchell Naseer Sangwan Jack A. Gilbert Scott T. Kelley 《Applied and environmental microbiology》2015,81(2):765-773
Human-associated bacteria dominate the built environment (BE). Following decontamination of floors, toilet seats, and soap dispensers in four public restrooms, in situ bacterial communities were characterized hourly, daily, and weekly to determine their successional ecology. The viability of cultivable bacteria, following the removal of dispersal agents (humans), was also assessed hourly. A late-successional community developed within 5 to 8 h on restroom floors and showed remarkable stability over weeks to months. Despite late-successional dominance by skin- and outdoor-associated bacteria, the most ubiquitous organisms were predominantly gut-associated taxa, which persisted following exclusion of humans. Staphylococcus represented the majority of the cultivable community, even after several hours of human exclusion. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-associated virulence genes were found on floors but were not present in assembled Staphylococcus pan-genomes. Viral abundances, which were predominantly enterophages, human papilloma virus, and herpesviruses, were significantly correlated with bacterial abundances and showed an unexpectedly low virus-to-bacterium ratio in surface-associated samples, suggesting that bacterial hosts are mostly dormant on BE surfaces. 相似文献
996.
Zhiyao Luo Ganyu Gu Amber Ginn Mihai C. Giurcanu Paige Adams George Vellidis Ariena H. C. van Bruggen Michelle D. Danyluk Anita C. Wright 《Applied and environmental microbiology》2015,81(13):4376-4387
Irrigation water has been implicated as a likely source of produce contamination by Salmonella enterica. Therefore, the distribution of S. enterica was surveyed monthly in irrigation ponds (n = 10) located within a prime agricultural region in southern Georgia and northern Florida. All ponds and 28.2% of all samples (n = 635) were positive for Salmonella, with an overall geometric mean concentration (0.26 most probable number [MPN]/liter) that was relatively low compared to prior reports for rivers in this region. Salmonella peaks were seasonal; the levels correlated with increased temperature and rainfall (P < 0.05). The numbers and occurrence were significantly higher in water (0.32 MPN/liter and 37% of samples) than in sediment (0.22 MPN/liter and 17% of samples) but did not vary with depth. Representative isolates (n = 185) from different ponds, sample types, and seasons were examined for resistance to 15 different antibiotics; most strains were resistant to streptomycin (98.9%), while 20% were multidrug resistant (MDR) for 2 to 6 antibiotics. DiversiLab repetitive extragenic palindromic-element sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR) revealed genetic diversity and showed 43 genotypes among 191 isolates, as defined by >95% similarity. The genotypes did not partition by pond, season, or sample type. Genetic similarity to known serotypes indicated Hadar, Montevideo, and Newport as the most prevalent. All ponds achieved the current safety standards for generic Escherichia coli in agricultural water, and regression modeling showed that the E. coli level was a significant predictor for the probability of Salmonella occurrence. However, persistent populations of Salmonella were widely distributed in irrigation ponds, and the associated risks for produce contamination and subsequent human exposure are unknown, supporting continued surveillance of this pathogen in agricultural settings. 相似文献
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