Microsatellite DNA in peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) and its use in fingerprinting and testing the genetic origin of cultivars.

We isolated and sequenced 26 microsatellites from two genomic libraries of peach cultivar 'Redhaven', enriched for AC/GT and AG/CT repeats, respectively. For 17 of these microsatellites, it was possible to demonstrate Mendelian inheritance. Microsatellite polymorphism was assayed in 50 peach and nectarine cultivars. Of the 1300 PCRs carried out, all but two produced amplified products of the expected size. All microsatellites were polymorphic, showing 2-8 alleles per locus. Heterozygosity ranged from 0.04-0.74 (mean 0.47); the discrimination power (PD) ranged from 0.04-0.84 (mean 0.60). Cultivar heterozygosity varied greatly, with one cultivar ('Independence') being homozygous at all loci. The set of microsatellites discriminated all cultivars investigated, except several sport mutations, i.e., 'Dixitime' vs. 'Springcrest', 'Compact Redhaven' vs. 'Redhaven', and two pairs of cultivars, 'Venus' vs. 'Orion' and 'Elegant Lady' vs. 'Rome Star', whose pedigrees are controversial. We were able to analyze the paternity of several cultivars. In most cases, the parenthood was confirmed. The comparison of three long-living 'Redhaven' accessions supplied by different repositories did not provide any evidence of somatic instability of microsatellites. Hence, microsatellites, ranked according to their information content, are recommended as markers of choice for peach fingerprinting and suggestions are provided for interpreting band profiles and the correct sizing of alleles.     

Genetic variation in the Bribri and Cabecar Amerindians from Talamanca, Costa Rica.

A screening of more than 40 loci was performed in the Bribri and Cabecar Amerindian populations of Talamanca in Southeastern Costa Rica. Some differences were found in the distribution (presence or absence) of the variants (some of them private) of the GOT, PEPA, RH, TF and TPI loci when the results reported here were compared with those of the Bribris and Cabecars that inhabit in the Pacific side of the country. Admixture with non-Indians was detected at the ABO, ADA, and G6PD loci. The proportion of polymorphic loci (P) found were 17.1 in the Bribris and 19.4 in the Cabecars; their average heterozygosites (H) estimates were 0.039 and 0.049 respectively. Fst values (0.019 in the Bribris and 0.056 in the Cabecars) seem to indicate that random events have played important roles in the divergence of the Cabecars. Low effective population sizes of the emigrant groups to the Pacific side and probable gene flow in the case of the Bribris, could be the cause of these differences.